Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Lab # 7 Skeletal System II Appendicular Skeleton and Joints

The Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Lower limbs

Right Clavicle Pectoral Girdle Superior view Inferior view Pectoral Girdle Acromial end Sternal end Clavicles Scapulas Acromial end Sternal end Anterior view

Right Scapula Anterior view Posterior view Lateral view Acromion process Acromion process Acromion process Coracoid process Coracoid process Spine Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Anterior view Posterior view Lateral view

Intertubercular sulcus Right Humerus Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Anterior view Posterior view Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea

Intertubercular sulcus HUMERUS Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus ANTERIOR VIEW

HUMERUS Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea ANTERIOR VIEW POSTERIOR VIEW

Right Radius and Ulna RADIUS ULNA Anterior view Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial head Proximal radioulnar joint (It is a pivot joint) RADIUS ULNA Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process Styloid process Anterior view

Right Hand 1 2 3 4 5 Posterior view Carpal bones (8) Metacarpal bones (5) Metacarpal 1 Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges (14) Proximal phalanx Intermediate phalanx Distal phalanx Posterior view

COXAL BONE Ilium Pubis Ischium LATERAL VIEW

Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Right Coxal Bone Lateral view Iliac crest Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Ischial spine Superior pubic ramus Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Pubis Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity

Anterior view Posterior view Pubic symphysis

Right Femur Right Patella Head Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Neck Right Patella Lesser trochanter Anterior view Anterior view Posterior view Posterior view Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Medialcondyle

FEMUR Head Greater trochanter Neck Lesser trochanter Medial condyle Lateral condyle

Tibial or medial malleolus Fibular or lateral malleolus Right Tibia and Fibula TIBIA FIBULA Head of fibula Anterior view Tibial or medial malleolus Fibular or lateral malleolus

Right Foot 4 1 2 3 5 Superior view Lateral view Calcaneus Talus Metatarsal bones (5) Tarsal bones (7) Talus Calcaneus Phalanges (14) Metatarsal bones (5) 4 1 2 3 5 First metatarsal bone Phalanges (14) Proximal phalanx Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Intermediate phalanx Distal phalanx

JOINTS Joint (articulation): It is any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface Structural Classification (according to the manner in which the adjacent bones are bound to each other, with differences in how freely the bones can move) 1- Fibrous joints: Points at which adjacent bones are bound by fibrous connective tissue (mainly collagen fibers). No space between the two bones 2- Cartilaginous joints: When two bones are linked by cartilage. No space between the two bones 3- Bony joints: Immovable joints formed when the gap between two bones ossify, and they become in effect, a single bone. No space between the two bones 4- Synovial joints: They are joints in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint or synovial cavity Functional Classification (according to their functional characteristics or their ability to move) 1- Synarthroses: Immovable joints 2- Amphiarthroses: They are joints that allow slightly movements 3- Diarthroses: They are freely movable joints

Structural Classification (according to the manner in which the adjacent bones are bound to each other, with differences in how freely the bones can move) 1- Fibrous joints: Points at which adjacent bones are bound by fibrous connective tissue (mainly collagen fibers). No space between the two bones Syndesmosis An interosseus membrane unites the fibula to the tibia (also the radio to the ulna) Gomphosis Collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone allows the tooth Sutures Immovable or slightly mo-vable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other

2- Cartilaginous joints: When two bones are linked by cartilage 2- Cartilaginous joints: When two bones are linked by cartilage. No space between the two bones Pubic symphysis in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc Bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs Joints between the sacral vertebrae and bones of coccyx 3- Bony joints: Immovable joints formed when the gap between two bones ossify, and they become in effect, a single bone. No space between the two bones

4- Synovial joints: They are joints in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint or synovial cavity Ligaments Joint cavity or synovial cavity Joint capsule or articular capsule: It secrets a viscous and slippery synovial fluid that lubricates the joint Articular cartilages Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane

Functional Classification (according to their functional characteristics or their ability to move) Sutures Gomphosis 1- Synarthroses: Immovable joints 2- Amphiarthroses: They are joints that allow slightly movements 3- Diarthroses: They are freely movable joints Synovial joints are diarthroses

The Six Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket joint (humeroscapular) Hinge joint (humeroulnar) Pivot joint (radioulnar) Plane (gliding) joint (intercarpal) Saddle joint (trapeziometacarpal) Condylar joint (metacarpophalangeal)

Quadriceps femoris muscle The Knee Joint Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps Fibular Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament

Tibial collateral ligament Lateral Medial Fibular collateral ligament condyle condyle cruciate ligament Posterior meniscus Lateral Anterior Medial Patellar ligament Tendon of quadriceps

Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament The Knee Joint Tibiofemoral Joint: It is where the condyles of the femur joint the condyles of the tibia Quadriceps tendon FEMUR Diarthroses Synovial joint PATELA Hinge joint Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament Patellofemoral Joint: It is where the patella articulates with the femur FIBULA Diarthroses FIBULA Synovial joint Plane (gliding) joint

Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Quadriceps tendon Femur Patella Femur Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Fibular collateral ligament Patellar ligament Tibial collateral ligament Fibula Lateral view Tibia Medial view Tibia

Posterior view Femur Posterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Tibia Fibula Posterior view