Bogor Agricultural University and Applied Research Centre for Climate and Technology-Indonesia (ARCATE-Indonesia) Assessment of Community Participation to Reduce Impact of Climate Change at Citarum Watershed, West Java Indonesia Uci Sulandari Rizaldi Boer Eka Intan Kumala Puteri Delon Martinus

Introduction Introduction Citarum river plays important role for supplying water of districts in and surrounding the watershed Historical data showed: Annual Rainfall in Citarum Wathershed decreased at a rate of 10 mm/year(Pawitan 2002) Dry season tended to decrease (Kaimuddin et al,2002)

Introduction Forest cover at upper Citarum decrease at a rate of about 2.4% per year ~ cause the ratio between maximum and minimum flow increased Present ratio 86 : 1 (Boer et al., 2004), while the ideal ratio 25:1 (Asdak, 2002) Under changing climate, intensity and frequency of extreme climate events may increase ~ there is an urgent need to stop deforestation and increase forest cover at the upper Citarum Watershed as an effort to reduce the impact of the changing climate

Efforts to increase and protect forest in the upper Citarum should not be only the responsibility of upstream community but also the responsibility of downstream communities

Objectives To assess perception of communities to climate change and to evaluate the impact of climate hazards on upstream and downstream communities To evaluate driving factors for deforestation at the upper Citarum wahtershed To assess perception of downstream communities to the need of increasing forest cover of the upper Citarum watershed as effort to mitigate impact of climate hazards To assess willingness of downstream community of Citarum watershed to pay for protecting and improving forest cover at upper the Citarum.

Methodology STUDY SITES Three sites in the upstream Four sites in downstream: –2 Agriculture areas –2 Cities

Methodology SURVEY METHOD Interview –75 respondents at the three villages –26 respondents at agriculture downstream –900 respondents at two cities downstream

Aimed of the Surveys Survey in the three villages upstream and two agriculture areas was aimed: To assess perception of communities to climate change, To evaluate impact of climate hazards, and To assess driving factors for deforestation and types of rewards preferred by upper watershed community for the services they provided in maintaining and protecting forests

Aimed of the Surveys Survey in the two cities was aimed: To assess the willingness of the community to pay compensation for environmental services provided by the upper watershed community in maintaining and protecting forest

Method of Analysis Statistical Descriptive: Perspective communities to climate change (in agriculture area) AHP: Prioritizing driving factors for deforestation and types of rewards in upstream CVM: Willingness to pay of downstream communities

Result and Discussion 1. 85% of respondents stated that the intensity of climate hazards have increased

2. Properties being damaged by flood and drought

3. 3. Perception of Community to Factors Causing the Increase of Drought and Flood Intensity and Role of Forest Function 60% of respondents at Ciparay and Bojongsoang said that they did not know factors causing the increase of drought and flood intensity Communities in the upper Citarum watershed (Cikembang, Cibereum and Tarumajaya) knew quite well with forest function

Community perception to type of activities that can avoid deforestation

4. 4. Driving Factors for Deforestation and Rewards Preferred by Community for Protecting Forest Level 2. a. Lack of income sources for meeting primary needs of the household. b. Lack of knowledge on forest function c. Lack of land for cultivation d. Lack of cooperation between village institutions in protecting forest Level 1. Community participation to protect and rehabilitate forest Level 3. Aid alternative: Fund aid, live stock aid, education aid agriculture equipment aid

Inconsistency ratios of the respondent in answering the question were all less than 0.1, indicating high level of consistency or certainty. The inconsistency ratios for Tarumajaya, Cikembang and Cibereum were 0.09, 0.01 and 0.08

Analytical Hierarchical Process for protecting and rehabilitating forest Community participation at Tarumajaya to protect and rehabilitate forest Lack of income to meet primary needs 0.56 Lack of knowledge of forest function 0.06 Lack of land for cultivation 0.31 Fund aid 0.26 Livestock aid 0.50 Education aid 0.09 Agriculture equipments aid 0.07 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

5. Willingness of Downstream Community to Pay Compensation Perception of downstream community to the role of upstream community and the need of rehabilitating the forest

WTP (Willingness to Pay) : Purwakarta was Rp.900,- per 10 m 3 North Jakarta was Rp.1500,00 per 10 m 3.

Dependency of willingness to pay on level of knowledge on forest function and the perception of downstream community.

Coefficients of logistic regression for WTP for Purwakarta and North Jakarta PredictorsPurwakartaNorth Jakarta Level of knowledge on forest function (X1)2,9231** (18,60) 4,5395** 93,65 Perception on the role of upstream community (X2)3,2223** 25,09 3,5320** 34,19 Perception on the need for rehabilitating forest (X3)1,6396* 5,15 3,176** 23,96 Job (X4 in category)0,5557* 1,74 1,2802* 3,60 Age (X5 in years)0,09050** 1,09 0,11729** 1,12 Education (X6 in years)0,14171* 1,15 0,15388** 1,17 Income (X7 in category)1,3333* 3,79 1,3433* 3,83 Family size (X8 in number of family)-0,7291** 0,48 -0,3771* 0,69 Sex (X9)1,1928** 3,30 2,0481** 7,75 R2R2 87.9%97.8%

M ost of respondents agree that the intensity and the frequency of climate hazards (drought and flood) have increased recently. Deforestation can be avoided if the community can increase land use intensity or find suitable alternative activities to get additional income such as raising livestock and trading. Development of reward system for environmental services provided by the upstream community is possible as the downstream communities is willing to support activities or program for maintaining and increasing forest cover of the upstream watershed by increasing price of drinking water from the current price. (WTP) of the downstream communities highly depends on level of understanding on forest function and their perception on the role of upstream communities and the need for rehabilitating the forest. There is a need to establish institutional system for collecting, transferring or distributing the payment to the community as well as the regulation. Conclusion

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