Objective: Summary of Origins and Lifestyles of Early Americans HW: Read Chapter 1, section 5 “Young Omahaw, War Eagle..." by Charles Bird King 1821

Map: Peopling of the Americas Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

THE OLMECS 1200 BCE ???

MAYANS CE

The Great Temple at Tenochtitlán At the height of Aztec-Toltec civilization in central Mexico, which coincided with the arrival of Cortés and his Spanish soldiers in 1519, this capital city had a dense population of over 300,000, more than any European city. Built on marshy lowlands and linked to the mainland by broad causeways, it had great public works and pyramids to the sun and moon that were connected by an elaborate irrigation system. From this metropolis, priests, warriors, and rulers held absolute authority over hundreds of thousands of people in the countryside. (American Museum of Natural History #32659) The Great Temple at Tenochtitlán Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

AZTECS CE Aztec home scene from Florentine Codex (The Art Archive) Houghton Mifflin Company The Great Temple at Tenochtitlán

INCA CE Inca Suspension Bridge, 1613 Bridges like this one, sketched by a native Andean, enabled the Incas to move people and goods through the mountains. An Inca administrator stands to the left, overseeing the bridge. (Det Kongelige Bibliotek) Inca Suspension Bridge, 1613 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

HOHOKUM 3000 BCE ???

Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon Pueblo Bonito illustrates the richness and grand scale of Anasazi architecture. (Richard Alexander Cooke III) ANASAZI 3000 BCE ??? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Adena, Hopewell, Missippian (Mound-builders) CE

Cahokia Mounds This contemporary painting conveys Cahokia's grand scale. Not until the late eighteenth century did another North American city (Philadelphia) surpass the population of Cahokia, c (Cahokia Mounds Historic Site, painting by William R. Iseminger) Cahokia Mounds Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

What conclusions can be made about Native American societies that existed prior to Columbus’ journey?

Iroquois Confederacy (Five Nations) 1100 ? – 1800’s CE Reconstructed Iroquian village Iroquois towns consisted of rows of longhouses, often surrounded by defensive walls. (Richard Alexander Cooke III) Mohawk: People Possessors of the Flint Onondaga: People on the Hills Seneca: Great Hill People Oneida: Granite People Cayuga: People at the Mucky Land Tuscarora: Shirt Wearing People became the Sixth Nation.

What factors were behind European exploration of the Americas?

Christopher Columbus WHO – A Genoese sailor WHAT – Credited with “discovering” the New World. (Native American Indians, the Taino, were already living there.) WHEN – arrives at San Salvador on Oct. 12, 1492 WHERE – He left Spain and “discovered” the islands of San Salvador, the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. WHY - He was looking for a route across the Atlantic to trade with Asia. Spain sought “Gold, Land, and Religion” in the lands he found.

Bartolomé de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapas New Spain was discovered in …During the 12 years {from 1518 to 1530} the Spanish killed more than four million men, women, and children with swords and lances, and by burning people alive…. This does not count those who have died, and continue to0 die every day, from the slavery and oppression that the Spanish impose…. Among other massacres perpetrated by the Spanish was one that took place in Cholula, a city with thirty thousand inhabitants. Dignitaries and priests from the city and the surrounding countryside greeted the Spanish with great solemnity and respect, and escorted them into the city and lodged them in the homes of the local nobility. The Spanish decided to stage a massacre – or a “chastisement” as they call it – in order to terrorize the population. To accomplish this, the Spanish summoned the local dignitaries. As soon as they arrived to hold talks with the Spanish commander, they were taken captive and had no opportunity to warn others. Then the Spanish demanded five to six thousand Indians to carry their loads. ….Once these poor wretches assembled in the courtyard, guards blocked the gates with the Spanish soldiers slaughtered the Indians with swards and lances. The pretext under which the Spanish invaded these areas, massacred their harmless inhabitants, and depopulated the country was to make the Indians subjects of the king of Spain. The fate of the Taino…

What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Biological Exchange Forms of Biological Life Going From: Old World to New World:New World to Old World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Syphilis Animals: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados | This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 Supplements | Site Map |Return to History 111 SupplementsSite Map Dr. Harold D. Tallant, Department of History, Georgetown College 400 East College Street, Georgetown, KY 40324, (502)

Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North America. This sixteenth- century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan Library/Art Resource, New York) Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Indians with smallpox European diseases killed many millions of Indians during the initial stages of contact because they had no immunity to such epidemic illnesses as influenza, measles, and plague. Smallpox was one of the deadliest of these imported diseases. This Aztec drawing illustrates smallpox's impact, from the initial appearance of skin lesions through death. Traditional Indian medical practices were unable to cure such diseases, and physical contact between shamans and patients actually helped to spread them. (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) Indians with smallpox Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Pre-Columbian figure with lesions A male effigy dating from C.E., found in a burial site in Nayarit, Mexico. The lesions covering the figurine suggest that the person it represents is suffering from syphilis, which, untreated, produces these characteristic markings on the body in its later stages. Such evidence as this pre-Columbian effigy has now convinced most scholars that syphilis originated in the Americas--a hypothesis in dispute for many years. (Private Collection) Pre-Columbian figure with lesions Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in eighteenth-century North America, by the Mexican artist Miguel Cabrera, The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection ) Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

“El Abrazo” Gonzales Camarena

Map: Major Transatlantic Explorations, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Spanish Conquest What were the main motives of the Spanish? What were some of the consequences of the Spanish conquest for Native Americans? What were some of the consequences of the Spanish conquest for Africans?