1 Introduction to Information Systems Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise C h a p t e r Computer Software 1

James A. O’Brien 2 Introduction to Information Systems Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. Give examples of several major types of application and system software. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. Outline the functions of an operating system. Describe the main uses of high-level, fourth- generation, object-oriented, and Web-oriented programming languages and tools. Chapter Objectives

James A. O’Brien 3 Introduction to Information Systems Categories of Computer Software General- Purpose Programs General- Purpose Programs Application- Specific Programs Application- Specific Programs System Management Programs System Management Programs System Development Programs System Development Programs Application Software Application Software Computer Software Computer Software System Software System Software

James A. O’Brien 4 Introduction to Information Systems Development Tools Special Applications Hardware Operating System Graphics User Interface Database Management Software Databases Games

James A. O’Brien 5 Introduction to Information Systems Apple : Leopard Microsoft: Vista Microsoft Office ????

James A. O’Brien 6 Introduction to Information Systems Apple : Goes to Intel Chip Leopard Microsoft: Vista Microsoft Office Yes Operating systems are processor specific

James A. O’Brien 7 Introduction to Information Systems Functions of an Operating System Resource Management Resource Management Task Management Task Management User Interface User Interface File Management File Management Utilities and Other Functions Utilities and Other Functions

James A. O’Brien 8 Introduction to Information Systems Trends in Computer Software First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation User-Written Programs Machine Languages Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages Operating Systems High-Level Languages DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

James A. O’Brien 9 Introduction to Information Systems Categories of Programming Languages Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Markup Languages Use embedded control codes Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z Fourth Generation Languages Use natural statements Object-Oriented Languages Define objects that contain data and actions Document.write (“Hi There”) First heading <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)> SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

James A. O’Brien 10 Introduction to Information Systems 10 PRINT “HELLO” 20 END

James A. O’Brien 11 Introduction to Information Systems 10 PRINT “HELLO” 20 GOTO END

James A. O’Brien 12 Introduction to Information Systems Programming Language Translation Language Translation Process Language Translation Process Source Program Machine Language Object Program Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc. Language Translator Program Compiler Interpreter Assembler IF A := B THEN Why do I want the source code?

James A. O’Brien 13 Introduction to Information Systems Categories of Programming Languages Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Markup Languages Use embedded control codes Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z Fourth Generation Languages Use natural statements Object-Oriented Languages Define objects that contain data and actions Document.write (“Hi There”) First heading <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)> SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

James A. O’Brien 14 Introduction to Information Systems Application software types –Custom development – programming Expensive – Consultant dependent Hard to get out of –Within application development Written within an existing software environment Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications –Turn key systems Little customization – dependent on the vendor “Turn it on and run it”

James A. O’Brien 15 Introduction to Information Systems Categories of software: Layering The hardware is the center The system software – operating system –Controls the hardware and supports the application –Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces) –Controls communications Development software – tools for creating applications –Programming languages –Database management software Applications software – The big area

James A. O’Brien 16 Introduction to Information Systems Common General- Purpose Applications A move toward generic applications that can be adapted … spreadsheet software and database software. Electronic Mail Word Processing Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware

James A. O’Brien 17 Introduction to Information Systems Web Browsers Discussion Groups Surf the Net Launch Information Searches Multimedia File Transfer Typical uses of a Web Browser in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Environments

James A. O’Brien 18 Introduction to Information Systems Database Management Packages Database Development Database Maintenance Database Interrogation Application Development Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages

James A. O’Brien 19 Introduction to Information Systems Key Technologies of Multimedia Video Capture Card Video Capture Card Authoring Language Authoring Language Storyboard Compact Disk Interactive Compact Disk Interactive Sound Board Compressed Audio Compressed Audio Digital Video Interactive Digital Video Interactive MIDI Computer Edit System Computer Edit System Interactive Video Interactive Video Digital Audio Multimedia Technologies

James A. O’Brien 20 Introduction to Information Systems Business Enterprise Application Software Customer Relationship Management Human Resource Management Accounting and Financial Management Supply Chain Management Enterprise Resource Planning Business Decision Support

James A. O’Brien 21 Introduction to Information Systems Summary Software is more capable Software is more graphic oriented - GUI Software takes more computer resources –Disk storage and RAM Databases are more and more dominant Fewer standard computer languages Software is more object oriented Web based applications are increasing Database systems

James A. O’Brien 22 Introduction to Information Systems Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software that directs the performance of a particular end user task, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system. Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into general- purpose and application-specific categories. Chapter Summary

James A. O’Brien 23 Introduction to Information Systems System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. The former is used to manage hardware, software, networks, and data resources. The latter is used by IS specialists to develop computer programs. An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operations of the CPU. Chapter Summary (cont)

James A. O’Brien 24 Introduction to Information Systems There are 5 major levels of programming languages. Language translator programs convert programming language instructions into machine language instructions. Chapter Summary (cont)

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