EGS and Climate Change: A Reality Check Veena Jha Presentation at side event at Poznan, 2 nd December 2008

Structure of the presentation Where are the environmental hotspots related to climate change? Linking trade flows in the list of 153 EGs with Environmental problems related to Climate Change and its associated technologies Trends in trade of EGS related to Climate Change Factors behind imports of these products by developing countries Policy implications

What results in Green house gas emissions Causes of green house gas emissions in developing countries related to overpopulation, urbanization, degradation of natural resources, desertification, poor sanitation, and to a lesser extent industrial development. Making certain environmental technologies and relevant services available in the market is not sufficient to solve these environmental problems as they would not address the root causes.

Where are the Environmental Hotspots The developed countries have higher per capita carbon emissions than developing countries. If carbon emissions from agriculture are included then their emissions would increase substantially. However, reducing carbon emissions is not merely a matter of technology or products but patterns of consumption too, especially food.

Where are the Environmental Hotspots Asia – Pacific has increased its energy use by 190 % over the period compared to a global average of 130%. According to UNFCC-CDIAC sources (2005), this region has increased its share of global CO2 emissions from 32% in 1992 to 36% in North East Asia contributes to 63% of the region’s emissions. On the other hand, Central Asia has recorded a a 24% decrease.

Where are the Environmental Hotspots Asia Pacific also most vulnerable to climate change. The small island States of the South Pacific are extremely vulnerable to sea- level rise and global climate change. Countries such as Thailand, India, Myanmar and China are exposed to coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise and meteorological changes. Bangladesh would be wiped out with a rise in sea level of one meter.

Are the major emitters or the major vulnerable countries trading in relevant EGS? The top ten importers from developing countries of renewable energy products include China, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, India, and Pakistan over the last three years for which data is available. Among the top ten developing and developed country importers, China and Korea figure prominently.

Trade in EGS products in general Top ten importers of these EGs include 5 developing countries accounting for roughly 35% of the total imports of this group. This is higher than the forecasted share for 2010 for EGS. Top ten exporters of EGs account for roughly 28% of the total exports of this group. Nearly the same developing countries dominate the top ten exporters and the top ten importers. China along with Hong Kong accounts for over half of the developing countries exports and imports.

Are the major emitters or the major vulnerable countries trading in relevant EGS? However the top ten importers from developing countries are also the top ten exporters of relevant EGs. This implies that these countries while major importers are also trying to develop their own fledgling climate friendly industry and would in some cases need infant industry protection. To examine whether this is the case, it is important to look at the tariff profiles of the top traders.

An analysis of tariff profiles Applied tariffs of most high level importers fluctuates between 0 and 12%. While these are not very high, on specific tariff lines they can be as high as 40%. Tariff water is high for some countries. Liberalisation through cutting tariffs would yield real market access benefits to trading partners. However, these benefits would only accrue if imports of developing countries sensitive to tariff cuts.

An analysis of tariff profiles of developing countries

An Analysis of tariff profiles of developed countries

Linking trade flows with Climate Change Essentially climate associated technologies and products scattered along the 9 categories of EGS currently in the list of 153 products. If we use the World Bank identification of climate friendly technologies and products as the starting point, around 43 products identified as being associated with climate change. About 30% of these products do not show any sensitivity to tariff changes. A number of these products are also dual use, so difficult to identify how many would be put to environmental end use.

Linking trade flows with Climate Change An important shortcoming of the world bank as well as the WTO list is that both do not identify technologies or products associated with agriculture which could reduce carbon emissions. According to some studies if the EU reduces its meat consumption by just 5%, the reduction in carbon emissions would be equivalent to removing 21 million cars off the road. Thus Carbon emissions associated with intensive agriculture, particularly intensive meat production needs to be calculated.

Exports of solar energy products in billions of US dollars EU60.4China45.3 US47.2Korea, Rep of23.3 China45.3Taiwan, China13.3 Japan32.3Hong Kong10.6 Ger29.5Mexico2.8 Korea, Rep of23.3Thai2.4 Taiwan, China13.3Malay1.2 Italy11.8Brazil1.1 Hong Kong10.6Philippines0.8 Netherlands9.1Turkey0.5

Exports of wind energy products in billions of US dollars EU25.689China8.774 Germany16.432Mexico3.881 US12.501Korea Rep Japan10.703Singapore2.788 China8.774Hong Kong2.648 Italy7.31Hong Kong2.648 France7.199Malaysia2.208 Mexico5.719Brazil1.031 UK3.673India0.901 Austria2.883Slovak Rep.0.88

Exports of ocean energy products in billions of dollars EU7China4.1 US4.3Hong Kong2 Germany4.3Mexico1.9 China4.1Korea, rep of1.7 Italy2.7Thailand0.7 France2.1Turkey0.5 Hong Kong2Singapore0.5 Mexico1.9Brazil0.4 Korea, Rep of1.7Croatia0.3 Poland1.7India0.3

Exporters of geo thermal products in billions of US dollars EU3.9China1.7 Germany2.2Korea, Rep of0.8 France2Hong Kong, China0.4 Italy1.8Mexico0.3 China1.7Slovak Republic0.2 Japan1.4India0.1 Sweden1.1Singapore0.1 United States1Malaysia0.09 Korea, Rep of0.8Jordan0.06 Ireland0.4Thailand0.06

Exporters of Hydro power in billions of US dollars EU3.9China2.3 China2.3Mexico1.2 Germany2.1 Hong Kong, China1.2 US1.3Korea, Rep of0.7 Italy1.2Brazil0.3 Mexico1.2India0.3 Hong Kong, China1.2Croatia0.3 France0.9Turkey0.2 Austria0.9Singapore0.2 Japan0.7Belarus0.1

Exporters of biomass products in billions of US dollars EU25Korea Rep US20.8South Africa3.257 Japan19.847China2.827 Germany15.291Mexico2.476 Italy7.149Taiwan1.61 Netherlands6.892Singapore1.258 South Africa6.284Hong Kong1.177 Korea, Rep.5.209Brazil0.645 UK3.849Malaysia0.588 France3.49India0.537

Exporters of bio-ethanol in billions of US dollars EU2.7Korea, Rep of0.7 GERMANY1.7China0.4 ITALY0.8Taiwan, China0.3 JAPAN0.8India0.2 USA0.7Malaysia0.1 KOREA.REP0.7Philippines0.04 China0.4Singapore0.04 BELGIUM0.3Argentina0.02 NETHERLANDS0.3Brazil0.01 SWITZERLAND0.3Thailand0.007

Dynamic Comparative advantage of developed countries of renewables

Dynamic comparative advantage of developing countries for renewables

Dynamic comparative advantage of developed countries in heat management products

Dynamic comparative advantage of developing countries in heat management products

Dynamic comparative advantage of developed countries in Environmentally friendly product

Dynamic comparative advantage of developing countries in Environmentally friendly product

Factors affecting imports of EGs relevant to climate change Assumptions of the model: The higher the GDP higher the imports. The lower the tariffs the higher the imports. The higher the FDI the higher the imports. The higher the level of industrialisation the higher the imports. The higher the number of technical assistance projects between governments of developed countries and those of developing countries, the higher is trade The higher the environmental performance index of a country, the higher is the trade in EGs.

Results of the regression Tariffs not significant in 30% of the products. Tariffs important in explaining trade of developing countries in heat and energy management products. Trade in renewable energy products are also sensitive to reduction in tariffs at the 5% level.

Results of the regression Elasticity with respect to tariffs is low, showing that a one percent reduction in tariff leads to 0.15% increase in trade. GDP a far more important determinant of trade.

Results of the regression The higher the EPI ranking of the developing country the higher is the trade in climate friendly products. (about 26 of the 43 products identified by World Bank) High EPI ranking implies a better framework of implementation of environmental regulations, as well as better chances of attainment of environmental targets. This high correlation could therefore be interpreted to imply that probably trade in goods in these categories is being put to some environmental end use.

Results of the regression The most direct, significant and positive correlation is to be found with respect to technical assistance projects. This correlation is found to be robust and positive for eight of the ten categories of EGs in job 54 and cover nearly 30 products from the World Bank list. Elasticities in most cases is also significantly over 1, indicating the crucial role of technical assistance projects in explaining trade in EGS.

Dynamic Comparative advantage Dynamic Comparative advantage in energy supply products in comparison to the EGS is clearly in favour of developed countries. In addition even for biomass and bioethanol developed countries have a dynamic comparative advantage. However, even for other EGs which may be relevant to Climate Change, only a handful of developing countries have dynamic comparative advantage.

Policy Implications and proposals While the Doha Mandate puts environment at the centre of the EGS negotiations, it is difficult to see how products classified in the HS code can be directly related to Climate Change. However, EGS liberalisation if clearly linked to technology transfer would result in gains. Also important to look at non-tariff barriers such as IPRs and export restrictions on products.

Policy Implications and proposals Examining the list of EGs, the findings of this paper show that roughly 30% products would be sensitive to tariffs. The list can be further examined in light of the dynamic comparative advantage of developing countries. In this case, the dynamic comparative advantage of climate friendly technologies and products would not shift in favour of developing countries in the near future. (2015)

Policy Implications and proposals However, other factors such as FDI, GDP, Environmental performance and technical assistance projects are much more important determinants of trade flows than tariffs. The elasticity with respect to TA of trade in EGs is particularly high. This shows that international and bilateral donors would have a large role to play in directing the trade of EGs, rather than tariff negotiations. This also points to the role of donors in developing such TA projects.

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