Gender Statistics in the Labour Market Angela Me UNECE Statistics Division

Economic life Work Segregation Wages Accessibility Quality Income Poverty

Working age Population Labour Force Employed By occupation By industry By status Unemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Segregation

Working age Population Labour Force EmployedUnemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Activity rate Unemployment Rate

Working age Population Labour Force EmployedUnemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Employment Rate

Employment Indicators Activity Rate = Labour Force/Total Working Age Population Employment Rate = Total Employed/Total Working Age Population Unemployment Rate = Total Unemployed/Labour Force

Working age Population Labour Force EmployedUnemployed Outside labour force (not active) HouseworkStudyPensionOther Labour Force Surveys, Census, Surveys LFS, Census, Registers Enterprise surveys, LFS, Census

Unemployment LFS Registered

Employment Formally there is a clear distinction between employed and non employed population ILO definition: a person is currently employed if he/she has worked at least one hour the week previous the survey Work: for income (cash or kind) or unpaid production of goods

BUT … measurement challenges Informal employment Difficult to measure Important because it identifies the quality of work Often informal employment is not measured: need for special module in surveys Formal employment Easier to measure because close to the people idea of work

What is Informal Employment? Persons in informal employment are those who work in the informal sector or in formal units with no formal benefits Informal employment is broader than employment in informal sector Informal sector units are household units with low level of organization, small scale operations, casual labour relations, and where business and household accounting can not be distinguished

Paid/Unpaid work Unpaid work Production of goods Production of services (child care, preparation of meals, …) Source Time-use surveys

Paid/Unpaid work Why is the measurement of informal sector and unpaid work a gender issue? Because they contribute to have a better understanding of women work

Occupational segregation

Segregation Horizontal Segregation There is no hierarchical order in the different categories Vertical Segregation There is a hierarchical order (salary, power, prestige, …) Inequality

Measurement of Segregation OccupationFemaleMale Legislators, senior official and managers 25,40039,000 Professionals92,30054,600 Clerks21,4003,900 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 5,60093,000

Measurement of Segregation OccupationDistribution of Female Distribution of Male Legislators, senior official and managers 17.5%20.5% Professionals 63.8%28.6% Clerks 14.8%2% Plant and machine operators and assemblers 3.9%48.9%

Measurement of Segregation OccupationSex distribution female Sex distribution male Legislators, senior official and managers 39.4%60.6% Professionals 62.8%37.2% Clerks 84.6%15.4% Plant and machine operators and assemblers 5.7%94.3%

Measurement of Segregation There is inequality: the smallest share of women is in the higher professional categories

Employment by status of employment Employees Employers Own-account workers Members of producing cooperatives Unpaid family workers Self-employed

Employment: Data availability SourceAvailabilityData collection By OccupationNSOSmall categories need large sample (census) LFS, Census, By IndustryNSOEnterprise surveys may be incomplete/small categories need large samples LFS, Census, Enterprise surveys By statusNSOLFS, Census

Gender Wage gap Men average salary - women average salary Men salary Does it measure discrimination?

Gender Wage gap

It simply measures different earnings between women and men without saying the causes Need to disaggregate wage gap by: Occupation Full/part time ……

Gender Wage gap Average wages can be calculated: Hourly Weekly Monthly Annually The average Hourly wage is the best measure since it overcomes the bias due to part-time and full-time jobs

Gender Wage gap Sources Enterprise surveys LFS Better source for disaggregated data

Accessibility to labour market Employment by family composition (number of children) Need to include a module on family care in LFS