Open interfaces, identifier spaces, and economic challenges All opinions are my own and may not reflect those of the OECD or of its member countries.

Million device user Currently: personal device = my problem Future: managed device = not my problem Manage millions of cars, smart meters, tablets, ehealth devices etc. Million device owner must give everyone premium quality experience. It has to work; scale, usability, zero configuration, long term (+15 years)

2G/3G/4G is king! G EOGRAPHICALLY DISPERSED Application: smart grid, meter, city remote monitoring Technology Required: PSTN, broadband, 2G/3G/4G, power line communication Application: car automation, eHealth, logistics, portable consumer electronics Technology Required: 2G/3G/4G, satellite G EOGRAPHICALLY CONCENTRATED Application: smart home, factory automation, eHealth Technology Required: wireless personal area (WPA), networks, wired networks, indoor electrical wiring, Wi-Fi Application: on-site logistics Technology Required: Wi-Fi, WPAN G EOGRAPHICALLY FIXED G EOGRAPHICALLY MOBILE

Mobile networks 2G/3G/4G most prevalent networks IMSI as the basis, SIM for authentication Governments issue IMSI-numbers (E.212) Currently only public networks, so maybe not Apple, BMW, Sony, certainly not EDF Dutch Department of Defense is MVNO with E.212 and private GSM UK and NL allow unlicensed use of GSM

Short version Large scale M2M users as private virtual mobile operators. Allows competitive market for access, roaming and removes lock-in for M2M Governments could remove rules that limit access to the market, like numbers Would save billions, allow growth, innovation and self-determination SIM great basis for authentication and security innovation