7-4 Fungi Objectives : 1.Name the characteristics fungi share. 2.Explain how fungi reproduce. 3.Describe the role fungi play in nature.

Journal Activity  What do you think about eating mushrooms?

Engage : Pig digs for truffles

Characteristics of Fungi A.Introduction 1.Eukaryotes – Have Cell Walls 2.Insect- Killing Fungus (Ant) 3.Size – Unicellular → 140 cm long (yeast) (huge tree fungi) (yeast) (huge tree fungi) 4.Similar in:  Food getting  Structure  Reproduction

B. “Feeding” in Fungi 1.Heterotrophs 2.Release chemicals that digest the substance on which they are growing and then absorb the digested food. 3.Why not animals ? Animal first eats food then digests. Capture 1.Soil Fungi - Capture roundworms with tiny nooses. 2.Symbiotic Relationships 3.Decomposers

C. Structure 1.Unicellular & Multicellular 2.Hyphae – Threadlike tubes that make up fungi. 3.Multicellular in a different way -- 1 continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei. Substances moves more quickly – Why?

D.Reproduction 1.Spores – Tiny reproductive cells carried by wind. Land → Hyphae 2.Spores produced in fruiting body. 3.Mushrooms, cup fungi, and puffballs have large, complex fruiting bodies. 4.Trillions of spores in 1 fruiting.

Forms of Fungi 1.Mushrooms – Umbrella shape 2.Yeasts – Single cells 3.Molds - Fuzzy, shapeless, fairly flat, grows on surface of an organism or substances.

B. Mushrooms  Structure  Gills – Sheet of tissue (location of spores).  Stalk – Stem-like  Ring – Skirt on stalk – protection from insects.  Cap - Top

C. Yeasts – (Unicellular) 1.Produce - Bread, fuel, vitamins, chemicals & medicine. 2.Reproduce – Budding 3.Bread – Yeast grows – produces CO 2 causes bread to rise.

D. Molds 1.Penicillium – Substance that kills certain bacteria (penicillin) Flemming – Used a. Make Food (Tofus) “bean curd”, soy sauce & cheeses b. Medicine a. Make Food (Tofus) “bean curd”, soy sauce & cheeses b. Medicine

How Fungi Affect Other Organisms  Engage: Show a piece of bread mold.

A. Introduction 1.Affect  Harm (parasites)  Helpful

B. Fungi and Disease 1.Examples:  Hard, brown “scabs” on apple  Black or gray spots on lilac or rose  Rot or decay – stem, fruit  Dutch elm disease  Chestnut blight  Stored crops made useless  Fungicides—kill fungus—farmers spend millions of dollars. Kill trees

2. Fungi → Toxins (Poisons)  Injure or kill humans & animals.  Examples:  Aflatoxin – Found on stored crops – cancer causing.  Ergot – Fungus on rye – people eat burning or prickling sensations, hallucinations and convulsions (Fatal).

Ergot on Rye

Animal Diseases  Bring diseases in poultry – painful sores on the skin of pets.  Fungal Pesticides – kill gypsy moth caterpillars, mites and aphids.

Humans Fungal Diseases  Fingernail & toe nails fungus.

Ringworm

Ringworm

Athletes Foot

Fungus-Root Associations  Fungi coat the roots of 80% of plant. Mycorrhizae – “fungus roots” Hyphae spread out - increase plant ability to gather nutrients by 10X. Protect against : drought, cold, acid rain and root diseases.

D. Lichens 1.Fungus & Algae that live together allows them wide range of habits. Fungus – Water & Minerals Algae – Makes food 2.Lichens – Produce acids that break down rock.

Lichens

Lichens

Movie on Fungus