Chapter 25

 Japan’s Isolationism  Why isolationist?  What was the Tokagawa Shogunate Period?  Why was each class discontented?

Japan  Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japan to open up to trade 1853  Treaty of Kanagawa  opened up two ports to US trade  Extraterritoriality  Most favored nation clause  What is the significance of this treaty?  What does this say about the United States?  1867 – Damiyo and Samuri unseated shogun, “restored” 15 yr old emperor to power  Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo)

 What is the importance of the Meji Restoration?  Why is this considered one of the major turning points in Japanese history?  Meiji reformers ruled in Emperors name.  GOAL: Strengthen Japan  “A rich country, strong military”  Leaders set out to modernize Japan  Beat westerners at their own game

Meiji Constitution 1890 Political Reforms:  Strong Central Government  Bismarckian model – authority rests within the executive branch  Upper house – Meiji oligarchy  Diet - elected  The result was a system that was democratic in form, but despotic in practice – oligarchy  Separate depts. – Navy, army, superior finance

Economic: Major Priority  Business class to adopt western methods  Banking system, railroads, improved ports, organized telegraph  Industries began to grow – weaponry, shipbuilding and sake (fermented rice wine)  Once a business or enterprise was on its feet it was turned over to private ownership  Zaibatsu – business families  Industry Boomed – all the problems that industrialization brings  Urbanization

Social:  Ended legal distinctions between classes  Reformed military – embarked on a major program to create a military force that could compete in the modern world  Schools and a university – Universal education including technical subjects – adopted American model of education  Western culture flourishes / fashion / sports  Some women were eventually allowed to receive an education  From 1894 – 1912 women represented 60 percent of the Japanese labor force  1898 – Women forbid to participate in government and legally put together with minors  Homogenous society – common culture and language – that gave it a strong sense of identity

Why will Japan become an imperial power? What areas will they hope to conquer?  Korea  Russia expanded into Korea  Japanese naval pressure forced Korea open three ports to Japanese commerce  Korea was dependent on China for trade  Japan wanted to end that dependency  Sino – Japanese War  China supported conservatives at court  Japan supported radical faction in Chinese government that wanted to end Chinese influence in Korea  Result is Sino Japanese War  Japan succeeds  Treaty of Shimonoseki  Manchus forced to recognize independent of Korea,  cede Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, and Port Arthur Naval base to Japan

 Russia and Japan both had eyed on Manchuria and Korea, Why?  Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria  Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land subsequently.  Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

Treaty of Portsmouth  (mediated by U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning land in Manchuria, and made a protectorate in Korea  Long-term impact of war:  Russia turned their attention to the Balkans (World War I)  Russian Revolution (First 1905 then 1917)  Revolt of Asia in 20th century (Asians hoped to emulate Japan’s power and win their independence)  Attempted Cultural Genocide in Korea  March 1 st Movement

 British Colonies:  Burma 1820’s  Maylay Peninsula  Why such a strategic location?  North Borneo

 Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia  What effect did the French have on this region?

Thailand  Between British Burma and French Indochina lay kingdom of Siam  Did not underestimate European strength / avoided incidents that might have caused invasion  Did not become a colony / had to accept some unequal treaties  Britain and France made Thailand a buffer or neutral zone between them  Why?

 Marshall Islands and Samoa  US, Britain & Germany, Triple Protectorate

 After Spanish American War US took:  Philippines  Guam  Hawaii  Platt Amendment – Bases in Cuba

 Spain seized the Philippines in the 1500’s  Sent missionaries  Filipinos argued that church abused their position  Strong resistance to Spanish rule  1898 – War between Spain and US over Cuba’s independence  Spanish American War – Spain’s ships were destroyed in the Philippines  Rebel Filipinos helped the US  In return, the US placed the Philippines under US control through a peace settlement with Spain  1899 Emilio Aguinaldo battled American forces  Americans crushed the rebellion – hundreds of Americans, and hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died  US set out to modernize promised Filipinos some rule in the future

Section 4: Economic Imperialism in Latin America  What were the problems facing the new nations of Latin America?  What was the colonial legacy?  Little experience with self-rule  Independence barely changed social hierarchy- Creoles replaced peninsulares as ruling class  Catholic Church kept its privileges  New constitutions guaranteed equality, but inequality remained  Voting rights limited  Land remained in the hands of a few  Unity weakened by regionalism or loyalty to a local area  Political Instability  Caudillos assembled private armies to resist central government  Gained national power  Ignored constitution / ruled as dictators  Power remained in the hands of a few

The Colonial Legacy  What is economic dependency?  Prior to independence what was the economic relationship between colony and MC?  After independence what was the economic relationship like between the newly independent nations and the west?

Economics in Latin America  Foreign Influence:  Foreign goods flooded LA markets – effects?  Under what conditions would America and Britain interject in Latin American affairs?  Economic Growth after 1850:  Foreign capital – mining and agriculture  Foreign investment in ports and railroads  Trade, investment, technology and migration: Latin American nations moved into the world economy  Tiny elite at the top gained / poor at the bottom suffered

MEXICO  What were the problems in Mexico in the 1800’s?  Large Landowners, army leaders and the Catholic Church dominated Mexican politics  Battles between conservatives and liberals led to revolts and the rise of dictators  Deep social divisions

MEXICO Mexican-American War  Causes:  1833 to 1855 Caudillo Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana In Northern Mexico (Texas) discontent against Santa Ana grew  US Settlers in Texas – independence movement  1835 – Revolt and the following year independent republic  1845 the US annexed Texas  Mexicans outraged  Seen as a declaration of war  Effects:  Mexico lost  Defeat triggered violence between liberal and conservatives

 La Reforma – era of reform  1855 – Benito Juarez and other liberals seized power  Revised the Mexican constitution  Stripped military of its power  ended special privileges of the church  Conservatives resisted La Reforma – Civil war  1861 – Juarez elected president  1863 – Napoleon III set up Archduke Maximilian Mexican emperor  4 years resistance  Juarez eventually shot  Juarez never achieved the reforms he envisioned  Did unite Mexicans, bring Mestizos into political life, and separate church and state

Porfirio Diaz  Porfirio Diaz gained power from 1876 to 1880 & 1884 to 1911 he ruled as dictator  strengthened the army, local police and central government in the name of “Order and Progress”  Under harsh rule – economic advances  Capital from investments came from foreign investors – granted special rights  Rich prospered – majority in poverty  Peonage System  Middle class Mexicans demanded democracy  1910 – Mexico plunged into revolution

US in Latin America  Monroe Doctrine  America acts alone and issues the Monroe Doctrine  the American continents are off limits for future colonization  Platt Amendment  Spanish American war 1898 – US joins Cuban effort for independence  US forces Cuba to accept Platt Amendment:  Gave use naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

US in Latin America  Intervention  Need to protect US investments  1904 US issues Roosevelt Corollary: policy claiming the US were the international police power in the western hemisphere  Panama Canal  Why do they want a canal?  Belonged to Colombia  US helps Panamanians gain independence, in return the Panamanians give the US land to build canal  Opened in 1914 – eventually the canal will be given over to Panama by the year 2000.