にほんのアーキテク チャー ( 日本の建築 ) この プレゼンテーションは、 レイ と ブランドン と ノア によってなされた。

ORIGINS OF DESIGN – ASUKA & NARA PERIODS あすかじだい と ならじだい Asuka Period: A.D. - Brought Chinese influence to Japan, esp. in temple architecture. - First introduction of Buddhism. - Brought sophisticated design to Japanese temples. - Intertwined complex architecture with nature. Nara Period: A.D. - New temples were constructed in cities rather than out in rural areas - Just like in the Asuka period, the Nara period relied heavily on outside influences, but mainly Chinese. - Even Shinto architecture, traditionally Japanese, began to sway towards Buddhist temple architecture as Buddhism began to rise as one of the main religions in Japan.

SHINTO ARCHITECTURE - （しん と） Shinto architecture was heavily spiritually influenced, based on building shrines to commemorate natural regions which were said to attract kami （かみ）, or spirits. Torii （とりい） - Gates marking a shrine entrance, symbolize sacred place. Komainu （こまいぬ） - Mythical lion dogs used on either side of an entrance to a Shinto shrine to ward off negative spirits. Purification Trough - Used to purify ones self. You wash your hands and mouth using a dipper before entering a shrine. Honden (Offering Hall) （ほんでん） - Hall where the kami are said to be protected, in the innermost chamber are the kami are represented by a sacred object. The public is not allowed entrance in this area. Shimenawa （しめなわ） - Straw rope marking boundary to a sacred area

Japanese Traditional Housing & Interior Design -Do not have set rooms for separate uses - Use portable furniture, stored in oshiire （おしいれ） -Makeshift rooms are formed with fusuma （ふすま） -Traditional houses had only one large space and small bathroom, kitchen, and toilet extensions to the side - Rouka （ろうか） surrounded the edges of the home, with wood and shōji （しょうじ） paper windows

ひめじじょう と ひろしまじょう CASTLES - （しろ） - Originally there were around 5000 castles in Japan. Now there are only about 100 still existent. - Medieval castles were built primarily out of wood for insulating purposes - Utilised the surrounding environment to their advantage - Built to defend important regions (ports, trade crossroads, rivers, etc) - When used in a name, shiro is changed to jō

Western Influence in Japanese Architecture Major Westernisation occurred only after the Meiji Restoration which saw feudal Japan morph into an open state. Other Western powers around the world became more involved and architectural design gradually fell into the partitioned, coldly practical method of the Europeans. By the late 19 th and early 20 th century many public spaces had begun to incorporate chairs and desks for pedestrian usage, following the standard model of many Western customs. Urban buildings lost their traditional flair and became more internationally blended.

Showa Period ( ) しょうじだい - In 1946 Prefabricated Housing Association made to help the shortage of residence - Metabolists provided ideas of rejuvenation, supporting an organic-inspired vision of future cities - Other architects like Kazuo Shinohara clung to traditional ideas of space Heisei Period (1989-Present) へいせいじだい - Developed after Japan’s “bubble era” collapsed in Economic stagnation has taken hold of Japan - Commercial architecture diminished; projects strictly government issued - Assimilation into standard international building concept - General loss of architectural creativity

From Sacred to Secular As Japan was developing out a feudal country over the course of the 18 th and 19 th centuries, architecture went from being spiritually oriented to practical and utilitarian. Westernisation saw the gradual demise of shrines and traditional design in favour of unimaginative European structural formats associated with trade and military functions. Schools, banks, and hotels also became more and more populous. Shown to the left is an example of a traditional Buddhist temple (above) and a Science Museum located in Osaka (below).

The Sanyo Solar Ark in Gifu, Japan, is 315 metres long, 37 metres high with 5,000 solar panels to produce 500,000kWh of energy per year. The Aoyama Technical College was designed by architect Makoto Sei Watanabe and features many elements respective to Japanese modern architecture as it arose in the ``bubble era`` of design.

M E T A B O L I S M ＆ Bubble Economy “Metabolism” was started in the 1950s by a group of young Japanese architects who had a vision of a future with versatile, large-scale structures that would resemble organic development. The Japanese “bubble era” was a time between 1986 to 1991 when tariffs were introduced in order to encourage saving, resulting in the booming of stock and credit in Japan’s market. ミッタボリズン と バブル景気（けいき）