College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description 7-9% Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion1

 A. Biological Bases  B. Theories of Motivation  C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain  D. Social Motives  E. Theories of Emotion  F. Stress Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion2

 Evolutionary View  Sources of Motivation:  Biological factors  Emotional factors  Cognitive factors  Social factors Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion3

 Instinct Theory ◦ Evolutionary Approach ◦ Behavioral Predispositions  Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis)  Arousal Theory  Incentive Theory Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion4

Unit V. States of Consciousness

 Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion6

 Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies) ◦ Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)  Lateral = Side ◦ Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)  Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center ◦ Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety) Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion7

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Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion9

Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Rat eats Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion10

Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Rat stops eating Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion11

Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Rat doesn’t eat Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion12

Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Rat doesn’t stop eating Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion13

Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Rat eats Triggers “on” switch Rat doesn’t eat Removes “on” switch Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Rat stops eating Triggers “off” switch Rat doesn’t stop eating Removes “off” switch Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion14

 Signals from the Blood ◦ Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats)  Hormonal Regulation ◦ Insulin (Hunger) ◦ Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety)  Set Point  Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese Gene?)  Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to seek food but enjoys food when it is available  Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are powerful appetite suppressants Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion15

 External Cues  Social factors  Cultural factors  Eating Disorders ◦ Obesity ◦ Anorexia Nervosa ◦ Bulimia Nervosa Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion16

 Sexual Response Cycle  Sex hormones  Social and Cultural Factors in Sexuality Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion17

TermDefinition Gender Gender Identity Gender Roles Sexual Orientation Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion18

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 Achievement Motivation (McClelland) ◦ Fear of Failure ◦ (Fear of Success – Horner)  Maslow’s Hierarchy  Need to Belong (Fromm)  Industrial Organizational Psychology ◦ Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation ◦ Theory X / Theory Y ◦ Task / Social Leadership Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion20

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion21

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion22

Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion23

 Defining Emotions, ◦ Naming Emotions, ◦ Categorizing Emotions  Components of Emotion ◦ Cognitive: Subjective Feelings ◦ Physiological: Autonomic Arousal ◦ Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion24

Emotions Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion25

 Limbic System (Amygdala)  Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion  Role of Autonomic Nervous System Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion26

 James-Lange ◦ Body response then Emotion  Facial feedback hypothesis  Cannon-Bard ◦ Simultaneous Body response/Emotion  Schachter-Singer ◦ Body response/Cognitive Interpretation  Misattribution of arousal  Excitation transfer Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion27

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 Facial Expressions (Ekman)  Cross Cultural Differences in Emotional Experience  Evolutionary Basis of Emotion / Fundamental Emotions ◦ Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, Robert Plutchik Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion29

 Nature of Stress  Role of Appraisal  Stressors  Sources of Stress ◦ Frustration ◦ Conflict ◦ Change ◦ Pressure Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion30

 Social Support, Hardiness, Optimism  Health Impairing Behavior ◦ Smoking ◦ Poor Nutrition ◦ Lack of Exercise ◦ Alcohol and Drugs ◦ Unsafe Sex ◦ Lack of Sleep Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion31

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 Emotional: ◦ Anger, Fear, Sadness  Physical Stress Responses: ◦ Fight or Flight ◦ General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)  Behavioral: ◦ Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive Coping, Indulgence Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion33

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 Impaired task performance  Burnout  Posttraumatic Stress Disorders  Stress and Health  Type A Behavior / Heart Disease  Stress and the Immune System Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion35