College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description 7-9% Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion1
A. Biological Bases B. Theories of Motivation C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain D. Social Motives E. Theories of Emotion F. Stress Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion2
Evolutionary View Sources of Motivation: Biological factors Emotional factors Cognitive factors Social factors Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion3
Instinct Theory ◦ Evolutionary Approach ◦ Behavioral Predispositions Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis) Arousal Theory Incentive Theory Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion4
Unit V. States of Consciousness
Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion6
Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies) ◦ Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) Lateral = Side ◦ Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center ◦ Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety) Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion7
8
Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion9
Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Rat eats Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion10
Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Rat stops eating Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion11
Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Rat doesn’t eat Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion12
Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Rat doesn’t stop eating Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion13
Electrical Stimulation Lesioning (Destruction) Lateral Hypothalamus “On switch” Rat eats Triggers “on” switch Rat doesn’t eat Removes “on” switch Ventromedial Hypothalamus “Off switch” Rat stops eating Triggers “off” switch Rat doesn’t stop eating Removes “off” switch Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion14
Signals from the Blood ◦ Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats) Hormonal Regulation ◦ Insulin (Hunger) ◦ Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety) Set Point Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese Gene?) Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to seek food but enjoys food when it is available Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are powerful appetite suppressants Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion15
External Cues Social factors Cultural factors Eating Disorders ◦ Obesity ◦ Anorexia Nervosa ◦ Bulimia Nervosa Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion16
Sexual Response Cycle Sex hormones Social and Cultural Factors in Sexuality Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion17
TermDefinition Gender Gender Identity Gender Roles Sexual Orientation Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion18
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion19
Achievement Motivation (McClelland) ◦ Fear of Failure ◦ (Fear of Success – Horner) Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Belong (Fromm) Industrial Organizational Psychology ◦ Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation ◦ Theory X / Theory Y ◦ Task / Social Leadership Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion20
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion21
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion22
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion23
Defining Emotions, ◦ Naming Emotions, ◦ Categorizing Emotions Components of Emotion ◦ Cognitive: Subjective Feelings ◦ Physiological: Autonomic Arousal ◦ Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion24
Emotions Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion25
Limbic System (Amygdala) Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion Role of Autonomic Nervous System Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion26
James-Lange ◦ Body response then Emotion Facial feedback hypothesis Cannon-Bard ◦ Simultaneous Body response/Emotion Schachter-Singer ◦ Body response/Cognitive Interpretation Misattribution of arousal Excitation transfer Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion27
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion28
Facial Expressions (Ekman) Cross Cultural Differences in Emotional Experience Evolutionary Basis of Emotion / Fundamental Emotions ◦ Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, Robert Plutchik Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion29
Nature of Stress Role of Appraisal Stressors Sources of Stress ◦ Frustration ◦ Conflict ◦ Change ◦ Pressure Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion30
Social Support, Hardiness, Optimism Health Impairing Behavior ◦ Smoking ◦ Poor Nutrition ◦ Lack of Exercise ◦ Alcohol and Drugs ◦ Unsafe Sex ◦ Lack of Sleep Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion31
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion32
Emotional: ◦ Anger, Fear, Sadness Physical Stress Responses: ◦ Fight or Flight ◦ General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Behavioral: ◦ Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive Coping, Indulgence Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion33
Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion34
Impaired task performance Burnout Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Stress and Health Type A Behavior / Heart Disease Stress and the Immune System Unit VIII. Motivation and Emotion35