Cyclotrons accelerate charged particles and fire them into a bubble chamber

Particle accelerators: use E and B fields to accelerate particles to high KEs, often measured in eVs The Cyclotron “dee”

Rutgers, NJ

The Linac The linear accelerator or Linac was the first new idea for accelerating particles in a straight line without the need for massive voltage supplies. The theory was that the linac could accelerate a particle using a lower voltage repeatedly.

Fermilab * U. Chicago * 4 mile tunnel

CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) is an international laboratory where the W and Z bosons were discovered. CERN is the birthplace of the World- Wide Web. The Large Hadron Collider (see below) searches for Higgs bosons and other new fundamental particles and forces.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) LHC experiments ATLASA Toroidal LHC Apparatus CMSCompact Muon Solenoid LHCbLHC-beauty ALICE A Large Ion Collider Experiment TOTEM Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation LHCfLHC-forward MoEDAL Monopole and Exotics Detector At the LHC LHC preaccelerators p and Pb Linear acceleratorsLinear accelerators for protons (Linac 2) and Lead (Linac 3)protonsLead (not marked)Proton Synchrotron Booster PSProton Synchrotron SPSSuper Proton Synchrotron

Particle Detector at CERN

Period and Frequency of Circulating Charges Find the period of an electron trapped in a 5 Tesla magnetic field. From previous analysis: F = qvB = mv 2 /r r = mv/qB T = 2  r / v since v = d / t T = 2  (mv/qB ) / v = 2  m/qB T = 2  1.67 x 10 –31 / 1.6 x 10 –19 C * 5 T T =1.3 x 10 –12 sec F=1/T = 7.6 x10 – 11 circles/sec

Velocity Filter: used to fire charged particles at exact speeds Oak Ridge National Lab

Mass Spectrograph: from the radius of the circle made you can identify the particle. If r = mv/qB then q/m = v/Br

Circulating Charges Find the radius of curvature of the path of an electron fired at 10,000 m/s at right angles into a 5 Tesla field.

F = qv x B

A magnetic field can trap a particle in a magnetic field.

Circulating Charges Find the radius of curvature of the path of an electron fired at 10,000 m/s at right angles into a 5 Tesla field.

Period and Frequency of Circulating Charges Find the period of an electron trapped in a 5 Tesla magnetic field. From previous analysis: F = qvB = mv 2 /r r = mv/qB T = 2  r / v since v = d / t T = 2  (mv/qB ) / v = 2  m/qB T = 2  1.67 x 10 –31 / 1.6 x 10 –19 C * 5 T T =1.3 x 10 –12 sec F=1/T = 7.6 x10 – 11 circles/sec