Can our Communities Can it be that simple ? 1 Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) MA, Phd, CEng MICE, Cenv Reader Emeritus in Environmental Sciences, Norwich Business School Reduce Energy demand, Cut Carbon Emissions, Improve Energy Security, Save Money and the Planet, All at the same time? Green Community Challenge 2011 Helping Norfolk Communities Save Energy 14 th July 2011

Potentials for Saving Money and the Planet In next 10 years the issues of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction of Energy Supply must be addressed through: Energy Efficiency Energy Management Low Carbon Electricity Production Moving from high carbon fuels: coal, oil, gas to Nuclear Renewables Carbon Capture and Sequestration 2 Reduction in Energy Use Will not be available on scale required until 2025 at the earliest. An important component to consider now because of inaction on renewables and conservation in past - but will not be available until 2019 at earliest Available now but financial support needed for small scale and emerging technologies.

3 Import Gap Energy Security is a potentially critical issue for the UK On 7 th /8 th December 2010: UK Production was only 39%: 12% from storage and 49% from imports Prices have become much more volatile since UK is no longer self sufficient in gas. Gas Production and Demand in UK UK becomes net importer of gas Completion of Langeled Gas Line to Norway Oil reaches $140 a barrel

In recent years, electricity retail prices have varied much less than wholesale prices and have also risen less. 4 Variation in Wholesale and Retail Electriity Prices In Real Terms, Electricity Prices have only recently returned to 1981 levels

5 Pilot Lights £9 per week Pilot lights off Pilot Lights turned off during week Awareness Raising and Good Record Keeping can result in significant savings St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood Heated by 3 warm air heaters New Strategy: pilot lights off throughout summer and used strategically in winter resulted in an annual saving of: 5400 kWh of gas; 1030 kg of CO 2 ; and a monetary saving of £260 Or a percentage saving of 38% Opportunities to Reduce Energy Demand: A Case Study

6 Social Attitudes have a profound effect on actual electricity consumption For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER or COOKING] can vary by as much as 9 times. Data courtesy of Karla Alcantar Significant savings in money can arise from effective awareness raising When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times Reducing Energy Demand: Raising Awareness

7 A Toyota Corolla (1400cc): 1 party balloon every 60m. 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. Standby on electrical appliances up to kWh a year balloons. (up to £15 a year) A Mobile Phone charger: > 10 kWh per year ~ 500 balloons each year. Filling up with petrol (~£55 for a full tank – 40 litres) kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour? 1.6 miles At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai 上海徐汇区高第一小学 A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost ~ £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO 2. School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

8 The best strategies to save energy, carbon and money in the home This software will be available for you to explore options for your own home during the breaks

9 Basic House No Insulation £ mm Loft Insulation and Cylinder Jacket. £ mm Loft Insulation £1465 Double Glazing £1299 Cavity Insulation £1196 All Strategies £796 What are the best strategies in the home? Try out you own home on the software during the breaks.

10 What are the best strategies in the home? Using a tumble dryer 4 times a week can cost £100 a year

Electricity Renewable Obligation: From 1 st April Sets targets which all suppliers must meet – otherwise they are fined for non-compliance (Buy Out). The fines are recycled to those bodies who held certificates (ROCs) of Renewable Generation. Currently worth around £0.3 billion. These “Buy-out Fines” are inflating unit price of electricity by around 0.1p or %. Used by both large scale - and small scale generators until 1 st April 2010 Feed in Tariff: From 1 st April 2010 all small generators < 50kW were transferred to the Feed In Tariff (FIT) Scheme as were all new small schemes. Medium sized schemes can opt to be in FIT or RO scheme. Large schemes can only be in RO. 11 Incentives for Renewable Energy

The Renewable Obligation encounters risk and much paperwork for small potential generator Led to Introduction of Feed in Tariff from 1 st April A fixed amount is paid per unit and guaranteed for up to 25 years. However – schemes installed later will get less BUT General Capital Grants are generally no longer available Payment is for electricity generated whether it is actually exported to grid on consumed on premises. A frequently asked Question Will I have electricity when there is a power cut – assuming of course the sun is shining (if I have solar) or the wind is blowing (if I have a wind turbine)? NO!! – unless you have facilities for both “Island Mode Operation” and Grid Connection which can be very expensive for the small generator. 12 Feed in Tariff

Low Carbon Non-Electricity Options Heating - [Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) – from June 2011 – domestic from 2012 ] Heat Pumps Biofuel options for boilers Biomass Solar Thermal Will be available retrospectively to those schemes installed after July Transport - [Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO)] Biofuels: Biodiesel and Bioethanol Obligation on all suppliers to include a given percentage of biofuels in petrol and diesel Electric Vehicles Fuel Cells 13 Incentives for Renewable Energy

14 The Technologies - Solar Solar PhotoVoltaic (Electricity) 2.16 kWp ~ 16 sqm (Suffolk) Estimated annual performance ~ output 1650 kWh ~ income £ kWp - ~ 25 sqm (Wales) Estimated annual performance ~ output 3000 kWh ~ income £1340 Most electricity generators provide DC power and inverters are needed to convert to AC with connection to the GRID – such inverters consume some electricity ~ seasonal efficiency ~ 92%.

15 Other Feed in Tariff Technologies Building Mounted - ~ 1kW machines ~ generally poor performance because of turbulence Mast mounted away from buildings - 6kW Potential output 6000 – kWh depending on location Vertical Axis machine – better in turbulence Replaces normal boiler Provides heat and electricity – would normally run on gas Micro CHP Micro-Hydro (Itteringham Mill) 5.5kW: annual output depends on flow – 18000kWh

Payments range from 4.7p per kWh to 43.3p per kWh depending on technology and capacity of generator. –e.g. for small scale retro-fitted solar, the payment would be 43.3p for kWh generator and guaranteed for 25 years, but new entrants from 1 st April 2012 will get 37.8p An additional 3p per kWh is paid for any electricity surplus to demand which is exported currently assumed to be 50% in domestic situations –In addition householder will benefit from reduced consumption so effective benefit is ~ 56p per kWh FIT amounts to a renewable incentive of ~39p per kWh and £742 per tonne of CO 2 ( assuming current wholesale price of ~ 5p) Nearly 8 times the subsidy for wind generation under the ROC scheme 16 Feed in Tariff >>>44.85p per kWh for PV

17 Energy SourceScale To 31/03/11 From 01/04/11 From 01/07/11 Duration (years) Anaerobic digestion≤250kW Anaerobic digestion>500kW Hydro≤15 kW Hydro> kW Hydro>100kW - 2MW Hydro>2kW - 5MW Micro-CHP*****<2 kW Solar PV≤4 kW new Solar PV≤4 kW retrofit Solar PV>4-10kW Solar PV> kW Solar PV>50-150kW Solar PV> kW Solar PV>250kW - 5MW Solar PVStandalone Wind≤1.5kW Wind> kW Wind> kW Wind> kW Wind>500kW - 1.5MW Wind>1.5MW - 5MW Existing generators transferred from RO99.4to 2027 Export Tariff33.1 Feed in Tariffs – Introduced 1 st April 2010 ***** for first installations

Tilt N NE E SE S SW W NW N Azimuth < Solar Rosette Diagram for East Anglia Colour key: Figures show percentage output in particular orientation relative to maximum Optimum orientation is 35 degrees tilt and Azimuth 190 i.e. 10 degrees west of South

Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Annual solar collection kWh/annum 19 Solar Thermal: The Broadsol Project

The Future of FITs... From the National Infra-Structure Plan 2010 following Comprehensive Spending Review The Government will (para 4.18): Support investment in low carbon energy supply by: maintaining Feed-In Tariffs for small-scale generation, funded through an obligation on electricity suppliers equating to a levy of almost £900 million over the period to At the same time, the efficiency of Feed-In Tariffs will be improved at the next formal review [2012], rebalancing them in favour of more cost effective carbon abatement technologies. May be an issue for PV as carbon abatement using PV is >£700 per tonne saved way above many other strategies cf ~£95 for wind, <£20 for cavity insulation 20 For complete information see Section 4 of Equivalent to 2.5% per household over and above changes in normal electricity prices rises.

21 Conclusions Current Renewable Electricity in UK is saving around 12 Mtonnes of CO 2 a year. The Renewable Obligation is increasing electricity bills by around 1%, levied on all consumers. PV solutions are NOT the most cost effective way to reduce carbon ~ £750 per tonne for small scale PV; ~ £95 large onshore wind; ~ < £20 for cavity insulation The Feed in Tariff will see a further increase in bills, but will provide an income for those installing PV, etc as well as reduced electricity consumption. BUT those not installing will see their bills go up disproportionately. There is a greater return on capital if size of scheme is matched with demand. If you want to take advantage – do so before 1 st April 2012 – but waiting lists are up to 3 months.