מקצת מעשה התורה a.k.a. The Halakhic Letter a.k.a. MMT a.k.a. 4Q394-399.

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Presentation transcript:

מקצת מעשה התורה a.k.a. The Halakhic Letter a.k.a. MMT a.k.a. 4Q

Discovery Six fragments found in Cave 4 from Now held in the Rockerfeller Museum

Non-publication for 20 Years First entrusted to John Strugnell ( ) He said that Judaism was a "horrible religion" which "should not exist,". He also said that Judaism was "a Christian heresy, and we deal with our heretics in different ways. You are a phenomenon that we haven't managed to convert -- and we should have managed."

non-publication for 15 more years In 1979 Elisha Qimron is brought as a co-editor. Qimron announced the existence of MMT scroll in 1984.

(illegal) publication Hershel Shanks publishes an underground copy in 1992 Qimron sued and won 150,000NIS Qimron officially published MMT in 1994

Sections IPrelude – Sectarian Solar Calendar II22 Matters of Dispute Ritual Purity Sacrificial Laws Marriage Laws IIIConclusion – Exhortation to Repent

The Qumran “Declaration of Independence” Written by the Teacher of Righteousness c. 150 BCE Addressed to the “Wicked Priest” = Jonathan the Maccabee “We” in the letter are the Sadducees “They” are the Pharisees

Sectarian Calendar Solar calendar with 364 days per year 4 seasons of 91 days each Each season has 3 months of 30 days + 1 extra day Month 1 Day 1 is always Wednesday Shavu`ot is always on Sunday Also split into 7 periods of 50 days with agricultural holiday at the end of each

First Month (Nisan) SunMonTueWedThurFriשבת פסח Begin count

Second Month (Iyar) SunMonTueWedThurFriשבת

Third Month (Sivan) SunMonTueWedThurFriשבת Shav uot

Fifth Month (Av) SunMonTueWedThurFriשבת

Sixth Month (Elul) SunMonTueWedThurFriשבת Oil Feast 23 Begin wood

Food Fight משנה מסכת מנחות פרק י משנה ג כיצד היו עושים שלוחי בית דין יוצאים מערב יום טוב ועושים אותו כריכות במחובר לקרקע כדי שיהא נוח לקצור וכל העיירות הסמוכות לשם מתכנסות לשם כדי שיהא נקצר בעסק גדול כיון שחשכה אומר להם בא השמש אומרים הין בא השמש אומרים הין מגל זו אומרים הין מגל זו אומרים הין קופה זו אומרים הין קופה זו אומרים הין בשבת אומר להם שבת זו אומרים הין שבת זו אומרים הין אקצור והם אומרים לו קצור אקצור והם אומרים לו קצור שלשה פעמים על כל דבר ודבר והם אומרים לו הין הין הין כל כך למה מפני הביתוסים שהיו אומרים אין קצירת העומר במוצאי יום טוב:

Mishnah Menahot 10:3 How was it done? The messengers of the court went out on the eve of the festival and made sheaves still rooted in the ground, so that it would be easy to cut. And all of the adjacent settlements gathered there, so that it would be cut with great fanfare. When it grew dark, he said to them, “Has the sun set?” They said, “Yes.” “Has the sun set?” They said, “Yes.” “With this scythe?” They said, “Yes.” “With this scythe?” They said, “Yes.” “This container?” They said, “Yes.” “This container?” They said, “Yes.” On the Sabbath, he asked them, “On this Sabbath?” They said, “Yes.” “On this Sabbath?” They said: “Yes.” “Shall I reap?” They said, “Reap.” “Shall I reap?” They said, “Reap.” [He would ask] three times about each thing, and they would say, “Yes, yes, yes.” Why was all this done? Because of the Boethusians, who said: The omer is not reaped at the close of the festival.

Cow Dipping משנה מסכת פרה פרק ג משנה ז = MMT f3 7i וזקני ישראל היו מקדימים ברגליהם להר המשחה ובית טבילה היה שם ומטמאים היו את הכהן השורף את הפרה מפני הצדוקים שלא יהיו אומרים במעורבי שמש היתה נעשית: The Elders of Israel used to precede them on foot to the Mount of Olives, where there was a place of immersion. [The Elders of Israel] used to defile the priest who was to burn the red heifer because of the Sadducees, so that they would not say: “[the burning] was done by one upon whom the sun had set.”

Water Fight משנה ידים ד:ז =f8iv 5-8 MMT אומרים צדוקין קובלין אנו עליכם פרושים שאתם מטהרים את הנצוק אומרים הפרושים קובלין אנו עליכם צדוקי' שאתם מטהרים את אמת המים הבאה מבית הקברות The Sadducees say: “We complain against you, Pharisees, for you declare the liquid stream (being poured from a pure vessel to an impure vessel) to be pure.” The Pharisees say: “We accuse you, Sadducees, for you declare the aqueduct which flows from a cemetery is pure.”

Schrodinger’s Cow משנה מסכת חולין פרק ד:ה = MMT f8iii 7-8 השוחט את הבהמה ומצא בה בן שמנה חי או מת או בן תשעה מת קורעו ומוציא את דמו מצא בן תשעה חי טעון שחיטה וחייב באותו ואת בנו דברי רבי מאיר וחכמים אומרים שחיטת אמו מטהרתו רבי שמעון שזורי אומר אפילו בן שמנה שנים וחורש בשדה שחיטת אמו מטהרתו

Mishnah Hulin 4:5 If one slaughters a domesticated animal and finds in it an eight-months’ birth, alive or dead, or a dead nine- months’ birth, one may tear it out, but must remove its blood. If one finds a live nine-months’ birth, it requires slaughter, and he is liable with regard to it and its offspring, the words of R. Meir. But the Sages say: Its mother’s slaughter renders it pure. R. Simeon of Shezur says: Even if [it grows into] an eight-year-old and plows the field, its mother’s slaughter renders it pure.

Most scholars think the people who lived at Qumran were Essenes and they wrote the scrolls in the caves. Lawrence Schiffman thinks the people who lived at Qumran did write the scrolls but they started off as a group of Sadducess. Thinks scrolls were in caves were written in Jerusalem and brought to caves shortly before 68CE אלו ואלו

The Houses – A New Model Mishnah Yevamot 1:4 בית שמאי מתירין הצרות לאחים ובית הלל אוסרים חלצו בית שמאי פוסלין מן הכהונה ובית הלל מכשירים נתיבמו בית שמאי מכשירים ובית הלל פוסלין אף על פי שאלו אוסרין ואלו מתירין אלו פוסלין ואלו מכשירין לא נמנעו בית שמאי מלישא נשים מבית הלל ולא בית הלל מבית שמאי כל הטהרות והטומאות שהיו אלו מטהרין ואלו מטמאין לא נמנעו עושין טהרות אלו על גבי אלו: Beth Shammai permit the cowives to the [surviving] brothers but Beth Hillel prohibit. If they perform halisa, Beth Shammai disqualify [the children of the cowives] from [marrying into] the priesthood but Beth Hillel qualify them. If they perform yibbum, Beth Shammai qualify them but Beth Hillel disqualify them. Even though these prohibit and these permit, Beth Shammai did not refrain from marrying women from Beth Hillel, nor did Beth Hillel [refrain from marrying women] from Beth Shammai. They [also] did not refrain from using any pure and impure items that these declared pure and these declared impure one on top of the other to prepare pure [foods].

These and those are the words of the Living God ירמיהו כג:לו וּמַשָּׂא יְקֹוָק לֹא תִזְכְּרוּ עוֹד כִּי הַמַּשָּׂא יִהְיֶה לְאִישׁ דְּבָרוֹ וַהֲפַכְתֶּם אֶת דִּבְרֵי אֱ-לֹהִים חַיִּים יְקֹוָק צְבָאוֹת אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ: Do not mention “the burden of YHVH” anymore. Does a man regard his own word as a “burden,” that you pervert the words of the living God, YHVH of Hosts, our God?

Yad. 4:7 אוֹמְ׳ צַדוּקִין קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶן פָרוּשִׁין שֵׁאַתֶּם מְטַהֲרִין אֶת הַנָּצוֹק אוֹמְרִין פָּרוּשִׁין קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶם צַדוּקִים שֶׁאַתֶּם מְטַהֲרִין אֶת {ה}אַמַּת הַמַּיִם הַבָּאַה מִבֵּית הַקְּבָרוֹת׃ אוֹמְ׳ִ צַדוּקִים קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶם פָּרוּשִׁין מַה אִם שׁוֹרִי וַחֲמוֹרִ[[י]] שֵׁאֵינִי חַיָּיב בַּהֶן מִצְוַת הֲרֵי אָנוּ חַיָּיב בְנִיזְקָן עַבְדִּי וַאֲמָתִי שֵׁאֲנִי חַיָּיב בַּהֶן מִצְוֹת אֵינוּ דִין שֵׁאֲנִי חַיָיב בְּנִיזְקָן אָמְרוּ לָהֶ ֯ ן ֯ לֹא א ֯ ם ֯ אֲמָרְתֶּם בְּשׁוֹרֵי וַחֲמוֹרִי שֵׁאֵין בַּהֶן דַּעַת תֹּאמְרוּ בְּעַבְדִּי וַאֲמָתִי שֵׁיֵשׁ בַּהֶן דַּעַת שֵׁאִם אַקְנִיטֵנּוּ יֵלֵךְ וְיַדְלִיק גְּדִישׁוֹ שֵׁלְאַחֵד וְאֵהֶא חַיָּיב לְשַׁלֵּם׃

Para 3:7 זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָא׳ הָיוּ מֵקְדִּימִין בְּרַגְלֵיהֶן לְהַר הַ ֯ מִּשְׁחָ ֯ ה ֯ וּבֵית טְבִילָה הָיָה שַׁם וּמְטַמִּין הָיוּ אֶת הכֹּהֵן הַשּׂוֹרֵף אֶת הַפָּרָה מִפְּנֵי הֵצַּדוּקִין שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּא אוֹמְ׳ בִּמְעוֹרְבֵי שֶׁמֶשׁ הָיְתָה נֶעְשֵׂת׃