BIOCHEMISTRY The study of organic compounds

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that contain carbon. Except carbon dioxide-CO 2 C

POLYMER A giant molecule made of many smaller molecules (monomers).

There are four major groups of polymers or Biomolecules that makes up every living thing.Biomolecules Carbohydrate Lipid ProteinNucleic Acid

Carbohydrates Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Structure: Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide. (saccharide=sugar) Function: provides short term energy Examples: Sugar, starch, syrup, fructose, maltose, lactose etc…

What does C, H, and O stand for? C= H= O=

Structure of carbohydrates What shape are they?

Examples of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Glucose= “blood” sugar (important source of energy!) Fructose= sugar found in honey Galactose= sugar in milk (monosaccharide) Disaccharide: Lactose = glucose + galactose (milk) Surcose= glucose + fructose (plant)

Lipids Structure Fatty Acids and Glycerol Function -Used to store energy. -Insulation -Repel water -chemical messenger -Phospholipids ( cell membranes) Examples -Wax -Oil -Fats Tips for memorization W O L F

Phospholipid bilayer

Why is it necessary to have lipid as the main component of cell membrane? Hint: Think about what is surrounding the cell, think of the cell as a city.

Structure of a lipid

Saturated vs. unsaturated fats Double bond

Saturated Fats Every Carbon atom is occupied with an Hydrogen atom. Because of this, it remains solid at room temperature. Majority of its sources comes from animal Examples: Butter, cheese, dairy products, meat, lard, cream etc… LDL (Bad cholesterol)

Unsaturated Fats Has at least a double bond on the carbon (which means less Hydrogen atom). Liquid at room temperature. HDL (good cholesterol) Sources: Omega 3 and Omega 6 Omega 6: corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil Omega 3: (sea food) salmon, trout and tuna

How does the unsaturated fats become solid? Hint: Think about the chemical structure of saturated fats.

Protein Structure -Amino acids (monomer) -20 different types of amino acids. Function -Build & repair tissue. -Movement -Structure -Transport -Defense -Regulation Examples -Egg -Meat -Fish -Beans

ENZYMES Proteins that regulate chemical reactions (ex. digestion). Catalyst-speeds up chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction. Enzymes are very specific to who they attach: Works like a lock and key: –Substrate –Active site

Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products A B

Shape matters! Enzymes are proteins that have an active site some where on the molecule where others molecules can land and react. Think pacman!

Pac man GTYE/s1600/pacman.PNG

Substrates Enzyme Products Active site

Enzymes Enzymes can break apart a chemical molecule. OR Put them together.

PHEROMONES Organic compounds used for chemical communication.

Nucleic Acid Structure Nucleotides: (sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group) Function -Store and transmit genetic information Examples -DNA -RNA

Nucleotides= sugar + phosphate+ nitrogen base Think: PeaNut Butter Sandwich rvYc4DyISVqzExFHb_qj&t=1

What is the monomer for Nucleic Acid?

What is it? Based on the chart above, food sample A is most likely to be A. orange juice B. pasta C. baked beans D. scrambled eggs Based on the chart, Steak could most likely be found in A. food sample A B. food sample B C. food sample C D. food sample D