Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. TCP/IP Internetworking

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 1: The Internet Infrastructure

Objectives Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network Explain the Internet’s evolution

Objectives (cont’d) Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

Overview of Networking Traditional networking Internetworking Internet versus intranet versus extranet

TCP/IP and Interoperability TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another

Internetworking and the Corporate Network Cross-platform Vendor-neutral

Evolution of the Internet ARPANET Test and research networks Decentralization

Internet-Related Authorities Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Internet Research Group (IRSG)

OSI Reference Model

Packets Cyclical Redundancy Check Packet creation –Adding headers –Removing headers

OSI/RM Protocol Examples Application-layer protocols Transport-layer protocols Network-layer protocols Data link-layer protocols

Major Networking Protocols TCP/IP IPX/SPX NetBEUI AppleTalk Data Link Control (DLC) Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Stateful vs. Stateless Stateful  connection-oriented Stateless  connectionless

TCP/IP Default protocol for –Windows NT 4.0 –Windows 2000 –UNIX –NetWare 5

IPX/SPX Advantages Disadvantages Novell NetWare layers

Multiprotocol Networks These networks combine routable and nonroutable protocols Multiple protocols can increase time to troubleshoot and maintain network

Summary Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network Explain the Internet’s evolution

Summary (cont’d) Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 2: TCP/IP Architecture

Objectives Describe the Internet architecture model Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP Describe various Internet protocols Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation Find RFCs and download them from the Internet

Overview of TCP/IP Vendor-neutral Used more widely than anticipated Powers the Internet

Internet Architecture

Requests for Comments (RFCs) Protocol states Internet Standards (STDs) Reference RFCs

Internet Protocols

Demultiplexing

Specialized Serial Interface Protocols PPP –RFC 1661, STD 51 Multilink PPP –RFC 1990 SLIP –RFC 1055, STD 47

Summary Describe the Internet architecture model Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP Describe various Internet protocols Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation Find RFCs and download them from the Internet

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 3: Internet Addressing

Objectives Explain IP addressing Define IP address classes Determine reserved IP addressing Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet

Internet Addressing Internet addresses are divided into the following parts –Network –Host Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses –field1.field2.field3.field4

IP Address Fields Contain 8 bits per field Range from 0 to 255 decimal field1. field2.field3.field = = = On 0 = Off

Internet Address Classes Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E

IP Addressing Rules Broadcast addresses Network addresses Special-case source addresses Loopback address

Reserved IP Addressing through through through

Subnetworks Performance Manageability Logical groups

Subnet Masks Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address Specify whether a destination address is local or remote

Custom Subnet Masks Steps for determining custom subnet masks –Determine the number of subnets needed –Determine the number of bits to borrow from the host portion –Determine the subnet mask

Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d) Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d) –Determine the maximum number of hosts per subnetwork –Determine the subnetwork addresses for each subnet –Determine the address ranges for each subnetwork

Classless Interdomain Routing Technique to conserve IP addresses Also called supernetting

Summary Explain IP addressing Define IP address classes Determine reserved IP addressing Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 4: Network Access Layer

Objectives Identify the IEEE LAN standards Install and test protocol analyzer software Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components Identify fields in the ARP header Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses Explain the function of RARP

IEEE Standards and Ethernet Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems

Ethernet Function Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Determining Ethernet Addresses Linux Windows 2000 Windows 95/98/Me

Ethernet Headers

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network

Summary Identify the IEEE LAN standards Install and test protocol analyzer software Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components Identify fields in the ARP header Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses Explain the function of RARP

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 5: Internet Layer

Objectives Describe the functions of the Internet layer Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer Identify the IP header fields and their purpose Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components

IP and Routing IP –Connectionless –Not necessarily reliable Routing –One of the most important IP functions –Determines the path that packets travel across networks

IP Header Version Header length Service Datagram length Datagram ID number Flags Fragment offset Time To Live Protocol Header checksum Source address Destination address Options

Summary Describe the functions of the Internet layer Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer Identify the IP header fields and their purpose Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 6: Transport Layer

Objectives Define the functions of the transport layer Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose Explain the TCP negotiation process Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

Objectives (cont’d) Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose Decode and analyze UDP headers Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well- known and registered port numbers

Transport Layer Protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Transmission Control Protocol Provides a byte-stream service –Connection-oriented –Reliable

TCP Header Source port Destination port Sequence number Acknowledgment number Header length Reserved Flags Window Checksum Urgent pointer Option type Option length Maximum segment size

TCP Negotiation Process SYN FIN ACK

Establishing a TCP Connection

Terminating a TCP Connection

User Datagram Protocol Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability

TCP and UDP Ports Port assignments in the Internet domain

Summary Define the functions of the transport layer Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose Explain the TCP negotiation process Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

Summary (cont’d) Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose Decode and analyze UDP headers Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well- known and registered port numbers

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 7: Domain Name System

Objectives Define and configure hosts files Explain the DNS and its evolution Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationships among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

Objectives (cont’d) Identify DNS records and list the record types Install and configure a DNS server and client Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows and DNS

DNS DNS consists of three levels –Root –Top –Second ROOT Second TOP Second

DNS Components Name server Name resolver

The Hosts File Simple text file referenced locally by applications and commands for name-to- address resolution

DNS Server Types Root server Primary or master server Secondary or slave server Caching and caching-only server Forwarding server

DNS Records Internet (IN) Name Server (NS) Start of Authority (SOA) Address (A) Canonical Name (CNAME) Mail Exchanger (MX) Pointer (PTR)

UNIX and DNS named.ca named.local domain_name.hosts rev.domain_name.hosts named.boot (BIND version 4) Named.conf (BIND version 8) resolv.conf

Windows 2000 and DNS Dynamic DNS (DDNS)

Summary Define and configure hosts files Explain the DNS and its evolution Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

Summary (cont’d) Identify DNS records and list the record types Install and configure a DNS server and client Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows and DNS

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 8: Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts

Objectives Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation Install and configure a DHCP server and client

BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters Created as an alternative to RARP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled)

DHCP Initialization Process DiscoverOfferRequestAcknowledgment

Summary Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation Install and configure a DHCP server and client

TCP/IP Internetworking The Internet Infrastructure TCP/IP Architecture Internet Addressing Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Domain Name System Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts