College of Computer and Information Science Chapter 14 Programming and Languages

College of Computer and Information Science 14-2 Key Words & Terms application generator: 代码生成器 assembly language: 汇编语言 beta testing: beta 测试 code: 代码 coding: 编码 compiler: 编译器 computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools: 计算机辅助 软件工程工具 debugging: 调试 desk checking: 桌面检测 DO UNTIL structure: 一种循环结构 DO UNTIL DO WHILE structure: 一种循环结构 DO WHILE documentation: 文档化 fifth-generation language (5GL): 第五代语言 formatting language: 格式化语言 fourth-generation language (4GL): 第四代语言 generation: 代，级 higher level: 高级

College of Computer and Information Science 14-3 Key Words & Terms IF-THEN-ELSE structure: 分支结构 IFPS (interactive financial planning system): 交互式财务策划系统 interpreter: 解释器 levels: 层次，级 logic error: 逻辑错 logic structure: 逻辑结构 loop structure: 循环结构 lower level: 低级 machine language: 机器语言 maintenance programmer: 维护程序员 markup language: 标记语言 module: 模块 natural language: 自然语言 object: 对象 object code: 对象代码 object-oriented programming (OOP): 面向对象程序设计 object-oriented software development: 面向对象软件开发 objectives: 目标，对象

College of Computer and Information Science 14-4 Key Words & Terms operators: 操作员 portable language: 可移植语言 problem-oriented language: 面向问题语言 procedural language: 过程语言 program: 程序 program analysis: 程序分析 program coder: 代码生成器 program definition: 程序定义 program design: 程序设计 program documentation: 程序文档 program flowchart: 程序流程图 program maintenance: 程序维护 program modules: 程序模块 program specification: 程序说明 programmer: 程序员 programming: 编程，程序设计 programming language: 程序设计语言 pseudo-code: 伪码

College of Computer and Information Science 14-5 Key Words & Terms query language: 查询语言 selection structure: 选择结构 sequence structure: 顺序结构 software development: 软件开发 software engineer: 软件工程 source code: 源代码 structured program: 结构化程序 structured programming techniques: 结构化程序设计技术 syntax error: 语法错 third generation language (3GL) : 第三代语言 top-down program design: 自上而下程序设计 user: 用户 very high level language: 超高级语言 visual programming language: 可视化程序设计语言

College of Computer and Information Science 14-6 Competencies (Page 1 of 2) Describe the six steps of programming Discuss design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors Page 4398

College of Computer and Information Science 14-7 Competencies (Page 2 of 2) Describe CASE tools and object-oriented software development Explain the five generations of programming languages Page 398

College of Computer and Information Science 14-8 Introduction In this chapter programming is described in two parts: (1) the steps in the programming process and (2) some of the programming languages available. Programming is part of Phase 4, systems development, in the systems life cycle. Competent end users need to understand the relationship between systems development and programming. Page 399

College of Computer and Information Science 14-9 Programs and Programming What is a Program? A problem-solving procedure –A list of instructions Prewritten Custom-written Application software System software Page 400

College of Computer and Information Science What is Programming? Programming is software development Six step procedure –Program specification –Program design –Program code –Program test –Program documentation –Program maintenance Page 400

College of Computer and Information Science Step 1: Program Specification Page 401 Also called programs definition or program analysis 5 Step Process –Program ObjectivesProgram Objectives –Desired OutputDesired Output –Input Data –Processing Requirements –Document Program Specifications

College of Computer and Information Science Program Objectives Objectives are the problems that you are trying to solve Programming requires a clear statement of the problem that you are looking to address Return Page 401

College of Computer and Information Science Program Specification Steps Continued Page 402 Desired output Input Data Processing Requirements Program Specifications Document Example of statement of hours worked End user’s sketch of desired output

College of Computer and Information Science Step 2: Program Design Plan a solution Use structured programming techniques –Top-down program designTop-down program design –PseudocodePseudocode –FlowchartsFlowcharts –Logic structuresLogic structures Page 403

College of Computer and Information Science Top-Down Program Design Page 403 Return

College of Computer and Information Science Pseudocode Provides an outline of the logic and summary for a program Page 404 Return

College of Computer and Information Science Flowchart Page 404 Return Flowchart symbols Flowchart example

College of Computer and Information Science Logic Structures Sequence structure Selection structure Loop structure Page 404

College of Computer and Information Science Step 3: Program Code Writing the program or coding The good program –Reliable –Catch input errors –Understandable to other programmers –Structured programs best method –Use the most appropriate computer language Coding Page 407

College of Computer and Information Science Coding Formatting or presentation language Programming language Page 408

College of Computer and Information Science Step 4: Program Test Debugging –Testing –Eliminating errors Syntax errors Logic errors Testing process Page 422

College of Computer and Information Science Step 5: Program Documentation Written descriptions and procedures about a program Important for people who will use the program –Users –Operators –Programmers Page 411

College of Computer and Information Science Step 6: Program Maintenance 75% of total lifetime cost Error-free operations Effective program Two categories –Operations –Changing needs Page 412

College of Computer and Information Science Case Tools Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) –Automate development process Designing Coding Testing activities Page 414

College of Computer and Information Science Object-Oriented Software Development Focuses less on procedures, more on relationship between objects OOP: Object-oriented programming Object contains both the data and the processing operations Page 415

College of Computer and Information Science Generations of Programming Languages (Page 1 of 2) Occurring in “generations” or “levels” –Levels-Machine languages to natural languages There are five generations : –Lower level closer to machine language –Higher level closer to human-like language Page 415

College of Computer and Information Science st -- Machine languages 2 nd -- Assembly languages 3 rd -- High level procedural languages (3GL) 4 th -- Problem-Oriented languages (4GL) 5 th -- Natural Languages & Visual programming languages (5GL) Page 415 Generations of Programming Languages (Page 2 of 2)

College of Computer and Information Science Language Translators compiler compiling linking resource code========>.obj=======>.exe interpreter

College of Computer and Information Science Discussion Questions (Page 1 of 2) Identify and discuss each of the six steps of programming. Describe CASE tools and OOP. How does CASE assist programmers? What is meant by “generation” in reference to programming languages? What is the difference between low-level and high-level languages? Page 428

College of Computer and Information Science Discussion Questions (Page 2 of 2) What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter? What are logic structures? Describe the differences between the three logic types. Page 428

College of Computer and Information Science 14-31

College of Computer and Information Science Crossword Puzzle Answers: Across Num.ClueAnswer 1 Writing a program. Coding 6 A list of instructions for the computer to follow. Program 9 Represent the steps needed to solve a programming problem. Program flowchart 10 Programmer that ensures current programs remain error free. Maintenance 12 The problem a user is trying to solve. Objective 13 Structure that describes a process that may be repeated while a condition is true. Loop 14 Testing and then eliminating errors. Debugging 15 Tools that provide some automation in program design, coding, and testing. CASE Down Num.ClueAnswer 1 Converts procedural language into machine language code. Compiler 2 Error that is a violation of the rules of a programming language. Syntax 3 The final step in testing a program. Beta testing 4 Software engineer. Programmer 5 Sequence, selection, and loop. Logic structure 7 Processing steps used in top-down program design. Module 8 Error that occurs when an incorrect calculation is used. Logic 9 Outline of the logic of the program you will write. Pseudocode 11 Process by which a program is organized into objects. OOP

College of Computer and Information Science Answers for Multiple Choice and Matching NumMultiple Choice AnswersMatching Answers 1AI 2BH 3CG 4BJ 5CD 6BB 7BC 8CE 9DF 10BA

College of Computer and Information Science End of Chapter 14