How effective was Henry VIII versus his daughter Elizabeth I in dealing with domestic issues in Tudor England? Essential Question:

King Henry Tudor VIII Born: June 28, 1491, to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Coronation: June 24 th, 1509 with his wife Katherine of Aragon. Died: January 28 th, 1547 at age 56

Young Life Henry was raised to be a pious and devout Catholic – "Defender of the Faith“ – He did not enjoy his father’s stoic and unexciting ruling style, instead favoring exciting court life. Wrote poetry

Court Life Henry loved the extravagance and excitement of the court drama. – He spent much of his time being entertained by the nobles and met the last five of his wives from his court.

Henry’s Wives Catherine of Aragon ( ) Anne Boleyn ( ) Jane Seymour ( ) Anne of Cleves (1540) Catherine Howard ( ) Katherine Parr ( )

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Archbishop of York Wolsey was quite capable as Lord Chancellor, (more his own interests) – subject to Henry's favor - losing Henry's confidence proved to be his downfall. Led the Church in England after being given powers by Henry to bypass the church hierarchy. Failed to get an annulment for Henry Fell out of favor

The “King’s Great Matter” Married to Catherine of Aragon for twenty years Obsessed with creating a male heir Sought an annulment of his marriage. Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VII’s permission, but was unable. Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529

Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer Cromwell – Lord Chancellor – created new government departments to keep track of revenue and keep up to date records. – Oversaw Reformation Parliament Cranmer – Archbishop of Canterbury – dealt with and guided changes in ecclesiastical policy and oversaw the dissolution of the monasteries.

Reformation Parliament The break from Rome was accomplished through law, not social outcry. – Annulment from the Pope was deemed impossible. Religious reform movements had already taken hold in England, but continental Protestantism had yet to find favor with the English people.

Reformation Parliament Henry was named the Supreme Head of the Church of England all ecclesiastical and government officials were required to publicly approve of the break with Rome and take an oath of loyalty.

The Acts An Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534) – prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act (1534) – required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy (1534) – declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England“ The Treasons Act (1534) – made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as the Church leader. Act of Succesion (1534) – Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne.

Dissolution of Monasteries Monastic lands and possessions were broken up and sold off. – In the 1520s, some monasteries paid for colleges like Oxford – In , another 200 smaller monasteries were dissolved – 1539, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown.

Henry’s Church Henry’s religious policies were somewhat confusing, as he considered himself a Catholic until the end of his life. A structure of the Church of England was established…but few things changed theologically.

Henry’s Church STRUCTURE Act of Succession Act of Supremacy Monarch is the head of the church Treason Act Dissolved Monasteries THEOLOGY Catholic doctrine 10 Articles Six Articles Act Transubstantiation Clerical Celibacy

The Laws in Wales Acts , England legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one nation.

Succession The Act of Succesion (1544) – Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England. – Mary – Elizabeth – Descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor

How He Left the Country Impoverished country Torn apart by religious squabbles. The monasteries' wealth was spent on wars – Also built up the economic strength of the aristocracy and other families in the counties –  Ambitious Tudor court factions

The English Reformation after Henry

Edward VI (r ) Moved Anglican Church towards Protestantism Book of Common Prayer

Mary I (r ) Goal-Restore the Catholic Church to England Provoked great fear and opposition

Mary I Reasserted Papal authority Execution of more than 300 Protestants earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary”

Mary I Instituted “reeducation in the universities Absolished Protestant worship Did not attempt to regain monastic properties

Campaign Against the Protestants Almost 800 Protestants fled England (Marian Exiles) Repression caused more to become Protestant

Queen Elizabeth Tudor I Born: September 7, 1533 (r ) Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69

'Proud and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the authority of the Church.... She prides herself on her father and glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the same way as the Queen.' – the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557

Pre-Ruling Conflicts Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics. – Implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King Edward by his uncle Thomas Seymour. – In the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.

Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry Most thought that the Queen would marry within her first year or so as Queen. Elizabeth valued her independence and didn’t feel she needed a man to guide her. Politically difficult to choose a suitable husband. The Privy Council, whose job it was to choose a husband for the Queen, was too divided to ever agree on a suitable mate. – This made it much easier for Elizabeth to refuse any marriage suggestions or proposals.

State of Affairs in 1558 'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast friendship abroad.' – An anonymous contemporary observer in 1558

Re-Establishing Protestantism Re-established the Protestant Church in England. She herself believed in toleration of all religions. – She was often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects. – ‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’

The Act of Supremacy Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England. "Supreme Governor of the Church in England". Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. – If they did not take it, then they would lose their office.

Politique Cared more about citizens simply obeying the laws and not of what religion they were. Ruler who governed without letting his or her personal feelings get in the way of doing what was best for his country

The Act of Uniformity Implemented in the summer of 1559 Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship. The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land. Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.

The Act of Uniformity The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate, Had trouble getting passed through Parliament. – A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill

Puritans Puritans put power in the local parish, above anything else, which put it in direct conflict with the monarchy. The Church of England was more dedicated to England and the Queen than to God, which troubled Protestants

Puritans Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement underground. – John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, adopted some reforms, but did not want to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I had created Protestant ones. – He was also more interested in establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.

Political Skill Drastically different from any of her predecessors because of her willingness to listen to those around her. – She would change a policy if it was unpopular. – Her approach to politics was serious, conservative, and cautious.

Advisors Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead. Sir Francis Walsingham, The Queen’s Spymaster Sir William Cecil Secretary of State

Sir William Cecil Elizabeth and Cecil ruled England almost side by side until his death in ‘This judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you shall show it to myself only.’

Robert Dudley Appointed Master of the Horse, a position that required close contact with the Queen. Cecil and Dudley disliked each other – They were both rivals for the Queen’s attention. – two rival factions developed in court around the two men Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite courtier. They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting the queen's favor.

Indecisive or Compromising? Many were annoyed by the Queen’s refusal to take sides on the issue of religion. – Protestants felt that she should be more harsh in her treatment of Catholics and punish their religious worship as crime (pre Mary Queen of Scots) But by not persecuting Catholics, she struck a balance that lasted through much of her reign. – She had to endure much less political struggle than her siblings, who were more extremist towards either side.

Parliament The House of Lords – The Queen had a more direct effect on these members, as she appointed bishops and created many of the positions. The House of Commons. – Knights of the shire - each county sent two representatives – borough members - many towns had acquired the right to elect members

Parliament The consent of both houses and the Queen was required to pass all laws. The Monarch summoned the Houses of Parliament, temporarily suspend, or dissolve Parliament at will. The Monarch appointed Bishops and created peers,  more direct influence on the composition of the House of Lords than of the House of Commons. Only Parliament could make law and levy taxes

Scotland Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.

Scotland Mary was forced out of Scotland and fled to England, Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London for 20 years. Although Elizabeth did not want to have her cousin executed, she was forced to send Mary to execution after to overthrow/assassinate Elizabeth was uncovered.

Succession On her deathbed, Elizabeth passed the crown onto James of Scotland. – He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin Elizabeth felt comfortable in giving the crown to James because he had been raised by Protestant ministers with whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

How She Left the Country England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world. It had proved itself to be the strongest Naval force in the World.

There is a closed imperial crown over each shoulder. The crown is on top of both a rose (on the left) and a fleur-de-lys (on the right.) These represent her dynastic claims to both England and France. The Pelican pendant on her breast symbolizes charity and redemption. It represents the queen's selfless love of her subjects. Elizabeth I: The Pelican PortraitElizabeth I: The Pelican Portrait, c1575, attributed to Nicholas Hilliard

Conclusion Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling the conflicts between feuding portions of the country. – Elizabeth’s skills as a politique helped her manage the balance between the Catholic and Protestant sects. – Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and spent more time on his social and romantic life than on leading the country.

Elizabeth I: The Armada PortraitElizabeth I: The Armada Portrait, c1588 pearls - symbolic of purity - decorate the queen's head and gown. Next to her right arm is an imperial crown, and her right hand rests upon a globe - specifically, her fingers rest upon the Americas. In 1587, a year before this portrait was made, the first English child was born at the English settlement in Virginia. The crown and globe tell us that Elizabeth is mistress of land and sea. In the background of the painting are scenes from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in It was the pivotal event of the latter half of Elizabeth's reign and a great triumph for the English. The queen is wearing a pearl necklace given to her by the earl of Leicester; it was Robert Dudley's last gift to the queen.

This is the largest surviving full-length portrait of Queen Elizabeth I In 1592, Elizabeth's former champion, Sir Henry Lee, sought to regain her favor with lavish entertainment at his home in Ditchley, Oxfordshire. He had retired from court two years earlier, having offended the queen by living openly with his mistress. He commissioned this portrait to commemorate Elizabeth's visit and forgiveness. The queen stands upon a map of England, with one foot resting near Ditchley. It celebrates Elizabeth's divine powers; a jeweled celestial sphere hangs from the queen's left ear, signifying her command over nature itself. The sphere had been Lee's emblem when he fought as Elizabeth's champion in the annual Accession Day tilts. The background of this portrait appears odd - it is split between blue and sunny sky on the left, and black and stormy sky on the right. This continues the theme of royal authority over nature. Elizabeth I: The Ditchley PortraitElizabeth I: The Ditchley Portrait, c1592, by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger

Elizabeth's gown is embroidered with English wildflowers, thus allowing the queen to pose in the guise of Astraea, the virginal heroine of classical literature. Her cloak is decorated with eyes and ears, implying that she sees and hears all. Her headdress is an incredible design decorated lavishly with pearls and rubies and supports her royal crown. The pearls symbolize her virginity; the crown, of course, symbolizes her royalty. Pearls also adorn the transparent veil which hangs over her shoulders. Above her crown is a crescent-shaped jewel which alludes to Cynthia, the goddess of the moon. A jeweled serpent is entwined along her left arm, and holds from its mouth a heart-shaped ruby. Above its head is a celestial sphere. The serpent symbolizes wisdom; it has captured the ruby, which in turn symbolizes the queen's heart. In other words, the queen's passions are controlled by her wisdom. The celestial sphere echoes this theme; it symbolizes wisdom and the queen's royal command over nature. Elizabeth's right hand holds a rainbow with the Latin inscription 'Non sine sole iris' ('No rainbow without the sun'). The rainbow symbolizes peace, and the inscription reminds viewers that only the queen's wisdom can ensure peace and prosperity. Elizabeth was in her late sixties when this portrait was made, but for iconographic purposes she is portrayed as young and beautiful, more than mortal. In this portrait, she is ageless. Elizabeth I: The Rainbow PortraitElizabeth I: The Rainbow Portrait, c1600, by Isaac Oliver

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