WHY study music? 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3. Presentations at work or party 4. Knowledge to impress co-workers 5.putting on a profession show 6. arts separate us as a species (for enjoyments sake)

What is Music? Organized sound in time? Performance was only media today blessed with high quality recordings and playback mobile devices plus unprecedented access to all kinds of music. What is Sound? Vibrations interpreted by Brain into anything you hear

FOUR MAIN properties of sound : Pitch Dynamics Tone Color Rhythm (time)

PITCH: highness or lowness of defiant vibrations (frequency of sound waves)= tones (440 cycles per second) distance between two tones is interval ( i.e. 440 to 460) tones that are doubled or half are called octave (i.e 220 to 440 to 880) In western music octave is divided into twelve tones Non-western can have more. Definite pitch (piano, guitar, trumpets, keyboards) Vs. Indefinite (drums, percussive)

DYNAMICS: degrees of loudness and softness (amplitude) accent= play one or few notes differently than those around it dynamic markings = pp(pianissimo),p (piano),mp (mezzo piano),mf (mezzo forte),f (forte),ff (fortissimo) crescendo & decrescendo TONE COLOR: timbre = bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, rich, ect… By combining instruments, using different ways to play them and with today’s electronics almost and infinite amount of tone colors available.

Rhythm (time) How fast or slow (tempo) (BPM) Number of beats in a measure Feels (laidback, on top,ect..) All instruments or vocalist play time

Stravinsky = Listen for: Crescendo / Gradual addition of instruments/ repetition of same melody at different pitch / sudden dynamic change / crescendo to ending Ellington = listen for : repeated note melody / tone color changes as melody passes to different instruments / brass using mutes / full band at end

Jazz - Individual voices - performers Collective expression - how performers interact musically Jazz has a history of performers more than composers Early on, all music that was not clearly classical was considered jazz Classical music - each instrument has an “ideal” sound Jazz - individuality of personal sounds (sometimes causes listeners to question the sounds they hear) Growls, bends, slurs, vibrato, or adding any device to assist their personal interpretation Instrumentalist imitate vocalist

Jazz blend Blend of African oral tradition and European musical tradition Urban and rural folk music White & black church music practices Marching bands, jug bands (jug plus homemade instruments like tub bass, washboards, spoons) Understanding jazz Requires understanding the performer Requires an understanding of the instrument they play Personal voices are more important that composers understanding the context of the music piece/recording by time period/ location/performers/ ect…

IMPROVISATION & COMPOSITION Whole piece is not always composed unlike most classical & pop/rock Improvised solos make individuals composer, arranger & performer in “real time” –Change melody –Play over chords –Create entire new musical performance Makes “recordings” & “live performances” individual works of art not just representative pieces. SOME Examples of different Jazz Styles 1. Swing beat 2. Latin 3. Blues 4. Fusion **YOUTUBE examples

HOW VOCALS RELATE TO PITCH/ DYNAMICS/ TONE COLOR/ RHYTHM pitch octaves (12 notes on piano) VOICES = Singing styles use all 4 or some of the properties of music plus introduces words and story telling. Pitch Range of vocal= pro singers can get up to 2 octaves (octave is doubled same pitch freq 220hz 440hz 880hz ect.) larger vocal chords make larger sine wavs (lower pitch) four basic ranges: SOPRANO, ALTO, TENOR, BASS

Methods of singing or singing style differ with how singer uses the four types of sound & lyrically content. Examples – Opera uses wide pitch range, tone color of singer, lots of dynamics, and varying rhythms JAZZ = good pitch range but less than Opera / dynamics Big/ rhythm varies but less, goes with the groove/Tone color of singer becomes more important Rock / Pop = usually uses less pitch range, tone color of singer, some dynamics, less rhythmic variations Hip Hop / Rap = usually uses almost no pitch range, tone color of singer, less dynamics, relies heavily on rhythm

JAZZ VOCAL STYLES & TECHNIQUES Standards (Swing or Straight) Latin Fusion (close to Pop/Rock) SCAT **youtube examples

Performance media INSTRUMENTS = mechanism other than a voice that produces musical sounds. (single note or multi) Traditional Sections or classifications 1.Brass 2. Woodwinds 3. String 4. Percussion 5.Keyboard 6. Electronic JAZZ Sections of instruments 1.Rhythm section 2. Brass section 3. Wind (Sax) section 4. Vocalist & soloist

Advantages/ differences to voices wider range, faster, more tone color options, larger dynamic range, sometimes easier to produce tones than singing, can be organized into multiple different groups to produce varying types of sound combinations. Different class of types sometimes have Soprano, Alto Tenor Bass ( Baritone or Contra ) subclasses determined by pitch

SAXOPHONE SECTION Part of the WOODWINDS Flute family (flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed) Clarinet Family (clarinet, Saxophone – single reed) Oboe Family (oboe, English horn, -double reed) Bassoon Family ( bassoon, contrabassoon – double reed)

WOODWINDS traditional made out of wood (however, Saxophone is more modern instrument that is typical made of metal and coated w/ nickel, silver, or gold produce sound with air columns that have holes that are covered or uncovered to change length of air column. produces only one note at a time.

SAXOPHONE RANGES Soprano Sax Alto Sax Tenor Sax Baritone Sax ContraBass Sax

BRASS SECTION Four Main instruments are Trumpet (soprano) Trombone (Alto /Tenor) French Horn mainly orchestral (Alto/Tenor) Tuba (Bass)

Blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece, vibrations come from players lips not a reed. Tone is then colored in the flared end called the BELL. Pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by values and slides to change the length of the tube (sometimes hand on a French horn). Tone color can be altered by using a mute (made of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell Pitch & tone color can be altered by using other no conventional tools such as a plunger, ect.. Single note instruments

THE RHYTHM SECTION Drum-set Percussion Bass (Stringed) The Guitar (Stringed) Keyboards

THE DRUMSET (Indefinite Pitch) Bass drum Snare Tom Toms Rack Toms Floor Toms Cymbals Rides & Crash Hi Hats

Percussion Indefinite Pitch Tambourines Shakers Cowbells Definite Pitch Chimes Vibes

BASS (definite pitch /low range) Electric Fretless electric Acoustic upright Arco technique

Guitar (Definite Pitch / Mid range) Acoustic Arch Top Electric

String Playing techniques PIZZICATO DOUBLE STOP VIBRATO MUTE TREMOLO HARMONICS techniques can be used on almost all string instruments

Keyboard (Definite Pitch / Full Range) The Piano (88 Keys) The Organ Fender Rhodes Analog Synthesizer Digital Synthesizer

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS ANALOG TAPE STUDIO SYNTHESIZERS (KEYBOARDS) COMPUTERS

ANALOG TAPE STUDIO recorded sound was manipulated by slowing and speeding tape cutting or splicing tape length of looped tape could be timed to give rhythmic feel

COMPUTERS with use of MIDI (code that allows digital instruments and computers to talk to one another) computers can now not only record music but be part of the creation process. with programs you can control sound, change sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD) I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with any instrument but can create sounds and rhythms that are physically impossible to do live.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1 FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & Jazz VENUES