1 Voice Traffic Engineering & Management

2 PSTN and PBX networks are designed with 2 objectives: Maximize usage of their circuits Maximize usage of their circuits Minimize the cost. Minimize the cost.

3 In telecommunications, calls being handled by a switching system are referred to as traffic. In telecommunications, calls being handled by a switching system are referred to as traffic. Analogous to road way traffic. Must know how many lanes are needed, but with little waste. Analogous to road way traffic. Must know how many lanes are needed, but with little waste. The job of a traffic engineer is to balance the trade-off between cost and service. The job of a traffic engineer is to balance the trade-off between cost and service. Must be able to handle traffic sufficiently during busy hours and no more. Must be able to handle traffic sufficiently during busy hours and no more. Designs based on historic data. Designs based on historic data. how many trunks are enough? how many trunks are enough?

4 Other questions to consider.. Other questions to consider.. How many customer service agents are needed to deliver a particular level of service in a call center. How many customer service agents are needed to deliver a particular level of service in a call center. How long callers have to wait with a certain number of agents. How long callers have to wait with a certain number of agents. Both the agents and the circuits are analogous in telephony traffic engineering Both the agents and the circuits are analogous in telephony traffic engineering

5 Efficiency is defined as the percent of time the server is working (carrying traffic) as opposed to waiting for a call. Efficiency is defined as the percent of time the server is working (carrying traffic) as opposed to waiting for a call. This is also known as occupancy. This is also known as occupancy. For a given load, the more the servers, the less blocked or held calls. For a given load, the more the servers, the less blocked or held calls. The rate at which traffic arrives is seldom uniform. The rate at which traffic arrives is seldom uniform. Principles Governing Network Design

6 Principles of Network Design More servers than necessary provide good service, but at an excessive cost. More servers than necessary provide good service, but at an excessive cost. Too few servers and both service and cost deteriorate, resulting in loss of customers and decreased agent productivity. Too few servers and both service and cost deteriorate, resulting in loss of customers and decreased agent productivity. The analyst’s job is to reach an optimum balance between costs and service. The analyst’s job is to reach an optimum balance between costs and service.

7 Principles of Network Design Networks can be classified as Loss Systems, or Delay Systems. Networks can be classified as Loss Systems, or Delay Systems. Loss systems - calls are blocked or rejected without being served. Loss systems - calls are blocked or rejected without being served. Service is measured by the % of calls blocked. Service is measured by the % of calls blocked. Delay systems are queued calls, such as the ACD systems. Delay systems are queued calls, such as the ACD systems. Service is measured by % of calls that are delayed within a certain time interval. Service is measured by % of calls that are delayed within a certain time interval.

8 Traffic Engineering Fundamentals To administer a telecommunications system, 3 variables are required: To administer a telecommunications system, 3 variables are required: Grade of Service (GoS) Grade of Service (GoS) Traffic load Traffic load Quantity of servers Quantity of servers Knowing 2 can determine the third. Knowing 2 can determine the third. Systems should not be designed to handle highest busy hour nor non-random traffic, such as that experienced during major catastrophes or call in contest Systems should not be designed to handle highest busy hour nor non-random traffic, such as that experienced during major catastrophes or call in contest

9 Traffic Engineering Fundamentals Grade of Service (GoS) refers to the % of calls that encounter blockage. Grade of Service (GoS) refers to the % of calls that encounter blockage. As a business objective, must determine amount of blockage that can be tolerated. As a business objective, must determine amount of blockage that can be tolerated. If the GoS is too high (zero blockage), many circuits will be underutilized. If the GoS is too high (zero blockage), many circuits will be underutilized. Too low means too many busy signals encountered. Too low means too many busy signals encountered. Most business situations call for between 1% and 5% blockage. Most business situations call for between 1% and 5% blockage.

10 Traffic Engineering Fundamentals Traffic Load is the amount of traffic during busy hour. Traffic Load is the amount of traffic during busy hour. Busy Hour – Busy Hour – The Average Busy Hour (ABH) is the average of the busy hour over a several day period. The Average Busy Hour (ABH) is the average of the busy hour over a several day period. Used to determine the capacity needs. Used to determine the capacity needs. If the busy hour of each day varies, the average is called the Average Bouncing Busy Hour (ABBH). If the busy hour of each day varies, the average is called the Average Bouncing Busy Hour (ABBH).

11 Traffic Engineering Fundamentals Busy Hour Busy Hour At the busy hour, more blockage will occur, At the busy hour, more blockage will occur, It is not feasible to design circuits to handle the absolute peaks. Therefore, some blockage is expected. It is not feasible to design circuits to handle the absolute peaks. Therefore, some blockage is expected. If some seasons have busier times than others, the study should be taken then. If some seasons have busier times than others, the study should be taken then. Between the holidays or registration week at a college. Between the holidays or registration week at a college. A common definition for seasonal busy hour is the average amount of traffic during the 10 highest days of the year. A common definition for seasonal busy hour is the average amount of traffic during the 10 highest days of the year.

12 Traffic Engineering Fundamentals Traffic Load can be distinguished between Offered load vs Carried load. Traffic Load can be distinguished between Offered load vs Carried load. Carried Load is what is shown on Billing Reports Carried Load is what is shown on Billing Reports Talk time. Talk time. Offered Load also includes setup times. Offered Load also includes setup times. Talk Time + Setup Time Talk Time + Setup Time Call setup time is the time used to signaling time and ringing, as the circuit is occupied during that time, but no billing is recorded. Call setup time is the time used to signaling time and ringing, as the circuit is occupied during that time, but no billing is recorded.

13 Engineers use Offered Load (talk + setup) to engineer a Circuit Group. The Traffic Load is the amount of traffic during busy hour. The Traffic Load is the amount of traffic during busy hour. Once engineers know the Traffic Load and the required service level (amount of acceptable blockage, also called GoS), the number of circuits required could be found by looking at a traffic design table. Once engineers know the Traffic Load and the required service level (amount of acceptable blockage, also called GoS), the number of circuits required could be found by looking at a traffic design table. There are several type of traffic design tables, for specific characteristics. There are several type of traffic design tables, for specific characteristics.

14 Traffic Design Tables 3 types of tables are used, depending on the given situation. Each table uses a different distribution theorem 3 types of tables are used, depending on the given situation. Each table uses a different distribution theorem Erlang A table and assumes Block Calls Held (BCH), which assumes that callers immediately redial upon receiving a busy. Erlang A table and assumes Block Calls Held (BCH), which assumes that callers immediately redial upon receiving a busy. Erlang B table and assumes Block calls Cleared (BCC), which assumes the caller either waits longer to redial or does not redial. Erlang B table and assumes Block calls Cleared (BCC), which assumes the caller either waits longer to redial or does not redial. Erlang C table and assumes Block called Delayed (BCD), in which the calls are queued until a circuit becomes available. Erlang C table and assumes Block called Delayed (BCD), in which the calls are queued until a circuit becomes available.

15 Sources of traffic usage information Many PBX systems provide traffic usage data. Many PBX systems provide traffic usage data. Most LECs can perform a busy study on selected trunk groups. Most LECs can perform a busy study on selected trunk groups. shows the number of items that callers attempted and encountered a busy. shows the number of items that callers attempted and encountered a busy. If no busies are logged, too many trunks have been assigned. If no busies are logged, too many trunks have been assigned. Call Accounting System – a PC connected to a SMDR port of the switch provides info. Call Accounting System – a PC connected to a SMDR port of the switch provides info. It can then exported and parsed to a spreadsheet as in the next figure. It can then exported and parsed to a spreadsheet as in the next figure. No call setup time info is provided in this report. No call setup time info is provided in this report.

16 Traffic Usage is measured in CCS or Erlangs. Traffic Usage is measured in CCS or Erlangs. Erlang equals 1 hour of traffic usage. Erlang equals 1 hour of traffic usage. Can be converted to minutes by multiplying by 60. Can be converted to minutes by multiplying by 60. CCS (Centi* Call Seconds) is used for smaller increments of measurement. CCS (Centi* Call Seconds) is used for smaller increments of measurement. 1 CCS is worth 100 seconds. 1 CCS is worth 100 seconds. C is the Roman Numeral for 100 C is the Roman Numeral for 100

17 1 Erlang=60 minutes=3600 seconds=36 CCS, 1 CCS=1.67 minutes. 1 Erlang=60 minutes=3600 seconds=36 CCS, 1 CCS=1.67 minutes. The typical resident generates about 3-5 CCS per call and the typical business is about double that. The typical resident generates about 3-5 CCS per call and the typical business is about double that. Knowing desired GoS and traffic load, the number of circuits is found using traffic tables. Knowing desired GoS and traffic load, the number of circuits is found using traffic tables.

18 Example: using the first type of table, we state that 1% blocking is acceptable, and 4 Erlangs of traffic are measured during the ABBH, 10 trunks are needed. If 5% blocking is acceptable, only 8 trunks are needed. Remember, 4 Erlangs = 4 hours of traffic (not necessarily via 1 circuit)

19 Busy signals from blocked calls can be returned in one of 2 ways when considering a PBX: Busy signals from blocked calls can be returned in one of 2 ways when considering a PBX: By the carrier By the carrier By the ACD, which can be throttled, controlling the number of calls coming into the call center. By the ACD, which can be throttled, controlling the number of calls coming into the call center. If calls in queue > 30 and agents logged on 2 minutes, then busy. If calls in queue > 30 and agents logged on 2 minutes, then busy. The key question is “will the caller call back or go somewhere else?” depends on their motivation and alternatives. The key question is “will the caller call back or go somewhere else?” depends on their motivation and alternatives. Some ACDs can capture the ANI and return a busy signal. The ANI is stored in a database, so knowledge of whether or not they call back can be known. Some ACDs can capture the ANI and return a busy signal. The ANI is stored in a database, so knowledge of whether or not they call back can be known.

20 SMDR (Station Message Detailed Report)

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22 Avaya Definity G-3 PBX

23 All too many times, PBX are trunked improperly due to poor planning. Often management wants zero busy signals, so over trunking and excessive costs are incurred. However, when planning is used, you are often working with incomplete data, shooting at a moving target. Assumptions are based on History, which may be incorrect assumptions and history may not repeat itself. Therefore, frequent measurements should be performed and adjustments made accordingly. Must stay alert to factors that could change the pattern, such as business activities, number of employees, internal work flow, acquisitions, etc..