THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM.

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Presentation transcript:

THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

THE NATURE OF SOUND zCOMPRESSION AND RARIFICATION OF AIR zWAVES OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE zTRANSMIT MECHANICAL FORCES

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE A T = WAVELENGTH A = AMPLITUDE f = 1/T FREQUENCY

ANATOMY OF THE EAR zOUTER EAR zMIDDLE EAR zINNER EAR

OUTER EAR zACTS TO FOCUS SOUND WAVES ON THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE zSHAPED LIKE A SOUND CONE

OUTER EAR PINNA CANAL

MIDDLE EAR zTHREE BONES LINK TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO OVAL WINDOW zVIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED MECHANICALLY

MIDDLE EAR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OVAL WINDOW BONES OF MIDDLE EAR COCHLEAR FLUID SOUND WAVE IN EAR CANAL

INNER EAR zSITE OF TRANSDUCTION zVIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE zHAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMED zAUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED AS HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE

INNER EAR OVAL WINDOW COCHLEA

STRUCTURE OF THE COCHLEA SCALA VESTIBULI COCHLEAR DUCT SCALA TYPANI OVAL WINDOW ROUND WINDOW

STRUCTURE OF COCHLEAR DUCT BASILAR MEMBRANE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE ORGAN OF CORTI

TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY STEROCILIA AUDITORY NERVE HAIR CELLS

TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES STEROCILIA BEND AUDITORY NERVE HAIR CELLS

FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION: LOCALIZATION OF DISPLACEMENT OF BASILAR MEMBRANE BASE APEX HIGH LOW MID

AUDITORY PATHWAYS COCHLEA VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS MIDLINE VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS SUPERIOR OLIVE INFERIOR COLLICULUS

AUDITORY PATHWAYS (CONT.) MIDLINE SUPERIOR OLIVE INFERIOR COLLICULUS INFERIOR COLLICULUS MEDIAL GENICULATE MEDIAL GENICULATE TEMPORAL CORTEX TEMPORAL CORTEX

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE A T = WAVELENGTH A = AMPLITUDE f = 1/T FREQUENCY

PROPERTIES OF AUDITORY NERVE CELLS zEACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY zTHIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA zTONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREA zSOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCY zSOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE

SOUND LOCALIZATION zINTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE zTIME DELAY BETWEEN TWO EARS zALSO INTENSITY DIFFERENCES

DISORDERS OF AUDITION zLOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC zTINNITUS: RINGING zCONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE EAR zCENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND LESIONS

TASTE SENSATION zGUSTATORY RECEPTORS zGUSTATORY PATHWAYS

GUSTATORY RECEPTORS zTASTE BUDS ON TONGUE LOCALIZED zSWEET: TIP zBITTER:BACK zSOUR SIDES zSALT: FRONT

GUSTATORY PATHWAYS zVII, IX, X CRANIAL NERVES zTO GUSTATORY NUCLEUS IN BRAIN STEM zVPM NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS zGUSTATORY AREA OF NEOCORTEX zVIA LIMBIC SYSTEM TO HYPOTHALAMUS

THE OLIFACTORY SYSTEM zRECEPTOR CELLS IN OLIFACTORY MUCOSAL MEMBRANE zAXONS CROSS CRIBIFORM PLATE AND TERMINATE ON MITRAL CELLS IN OLIFACTORY BULB-FORM OLIFACTORY TRACT zOLIFACTORY TRACT GOES TO LIMBIC SYSTEM AND TO ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX zCLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EATING AND MATING BEHAVIOR

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