Auditory transduction Figure by MIT OCW. After figure 11.13 in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain.

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Presentation transcript:

Auditory transduction Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Hair cell receptor potentials Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN: Hair cell diameter 500 nm Subnanometer displacements can be detected

Cross-linked K+ channels Opening of potassium channels causes depolarization (anomalous) Voltage gated calcium channels cause release of neurotransmitter. Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Inner hair cells dominate cochlear output Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Amplification by outer hair cells Mechanical amplification Modulated by cholinergic efferents to the cochlea from the brainstem Otoacoustic emissions and tinnitus. Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Auditory pathways All ascending auditory pathways converge on the inferior colliculus. Images removed due to copyright reasons.

Stimulus intensity Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F.,Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Tonotopic maps Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in Bear, Mark F.,Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Phase locking Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F.,Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed.Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Summary: frequency encoding Low frequencies –Phase locking Intermediate frequencies –Phase locking –Tonotopy High frequencies –tonotopy

Cochlear implants External microphone and speech signal processor Radio link to implant Stimulating electrodes in cochlea. Bypass hair cells to restore hearing.

Prey capture by the barn owl Image removed. Please see

Interaural time delay Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN: Not useful when the wavelength of sound is smaller than the ears (high frequencies)

Interaural intensity difference The head casts a sound shadow Not true at low frequencies due to diffraction. Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Summary : sound localization In the horizontal plane Duplex theoty –20-2,000Hz Interaural time delay –2, ,000 Hz Interaural intensity difference

Encoding of time delay Superior olive has binaural neurons Inputs from left and right ventral cochlear nuclei Selective for interaural time delay Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Axonal delay lines Coincidence detection Phase locking is necessary, so only low frequencies are relevant Please see figure in: Images removed due to copyright reasons. Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Encoding of intensity Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Vertical localization Impairment if the pinna is bypassed with a tube in the auditory canal Reflections off the pinna are important Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Primary auditory cortex Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Figure by MIT OCW. After figure in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN:

Vestibular labyrinth Measuring angular velocity Anatomy of the VOR Images removed due to copyright reasons. Please see figures 11.31, 11.34, and respectively in: Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN: