Perception
Cognition
Names
Sensation
Motivation and Emotion
States of Consciousness
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Type of processing used by perception
Top Down
The tendency to place items that look similar in a group
Gestalt Organizing Principle of Similarity
What is size constancy?
The understanding that an object’s shape remains the same even though the angle of view makes the shape appear changed
What is a visual cliff?
Used to study depth perception in infants
What are your two binocular depth cues? Explain what they are!
Retinal Disparity: Results from slightly different images produced by the separation of the retinas in the left and right eye Convergence: related to the tension in the eye muscles when the eyes track inward to focus on objects close to the viewer
Difference between phonemes and morphemes
Phonemes = smallest unit of sound Morphemes = smallest unit of sound with meaning
Divergent v Convergent Thinking
Divergent = many different solutions to a problem Convergent = one solution to a problem
A tendency to approach a situation in a particular way
Mental Set
What is framing?
The way an issue is worded or presented; Can effect our judgments
What is the difference between the availability heuristic and the representativess heuristic?
Availability: decision is made based on information that is easily retrieved from memory Representativeness: heuristic in which a situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model
Ivan Pavlov
Accidently discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs
Paul Ekman
Studies emotion (through facial expressions) across cultures
John B. Watson
Studied the classical conditioning of emotions (Little Albert); Major figure in behaviorism
Helmholtz and Young
Creators of the trichromatic theory of color visions
Ernst Weber
Author of Weber’s Law: In order for a difference to be perceptible, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not amount
Receptor cells for sight
Rods and Cones
Height of a sound wave determines _____; Frequency determines _______
Loudness; Pitch
Path that sound takes as it makes its way through the ear
Ear canal; Tympanic Membrane; Ossicles; Oval Window; Cochlea; Auditory Nerve
Layers of the retina (in order from which light hits them)
Receptor cells (rods/cones); bipolar cells; ganglion cells (which form optic nerve)
What is transduction?
Process by which receptor cells turn one form of energy (light, heat, etc.) into a neural impulse
What is homeostasis?
Balance; In drive-reduction theory, our behavior is an attempt to return to homeostasis
What is glucose? What does it indicate?
Type of sugar that cells need for energy; Low levels indicate hunger
Difference between lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus
Lateral: brings on hunger; stimulate – will eat, lesion – will stop eating Ventromedial: stops hunger; stimulate – will stop eating, lesion – won’t stop eating
Describe the Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory of emotion
Stimulus Physiological response + Cognitive label = emotion
What are the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm Reaction Exhaustion
When do dreams occur?
REM sleep
Body rhythms that occur every 24 hours
Circadian rhythms
Two Theories of Hypnosis
Divided Consciousness (Dissociation) and Social Influence
Type of drug that is a painkiller
Opiate
What is narcolepsy?
Sleep disorder characterized by sudden sleep attacks