THE SENSES

SENSORY INPUTS BECOME SENSATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS IN THE BRAIN – SENSATION AN AWARENESS OF SENSORY STIMULI – PERCEPTION A MEANINGFUL INTERPRETATION OR CONCIOUS UNDERSTANDING OF SENSORY DATA

THE SENSES SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS CONVERT STIMULI INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY – SENSORY TRANSDUCTION CELL CONVERTS A STIMULUS INTO AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL – RECEPTOR POTENTIAL GRADED CHANGE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL – SENSORY ADAPTATION THE TENDENCY OF SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS TO BECOME LESS SENSITIVE WHEN THEY ARE STIMULATED REPEATEDLY

THE SENSES SPECIALIZED SENSORY RECEPTORS DETECT FIVE CATEGORIES OF STIMULI – FIVE RECEPTORS PAIN RECEPTORS – RESPOND TO EXCESS HEAT, PRESSURE, DANGEROUS CHEMICALS THERMORECEPTORS – DETECT HOT OR COLD

THE SENSES SPECIALIZED SENSORY RECEPTORS DETECT FIVE CATEGORIES OF STIMULI – FIVE RECEPTORS MECHANORECEPTORS – DETECT TOUCH, PRESSURE, STRETCHING, MOTION AND SOUND

THE SENSES SPECIALIZED SENSORY RECEPTORS DETECT FIVE CATEGORIES OF STIMULI – FIVE RECEPTORS CHEMORECEPTORS – ATTUNED TO CHEMICALS

THE SENSES SPECIALIZED SENSORY RECEPTORS DETECT FIVE CATEGORIES OF STIMULI – FIVE RECEPTORS ELECTROMAGNETIC RECEPTORS – SENSITIVE TO ENERGY OF VARIOUS WAVELENGTHS – EX. PHOTORECEPTORS

THE SENSES THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EYES HAVE EVOLVED AMONG INVERTEBRATES – 3 TYPES EYE CUP COMPOUND EYE – MANY TINY LIGHT-DETECTING UNITS SINGLE-LENS EYE – SIMILAR TO CAMERA

THE SENSES VERTEBRATES HAVE SINGLE-LENS EYES

THE SENSES VERTEBRATES HAVE SINGLE-LENS EYES – SCLERA – CORNEA – CHOROID IRIS – PUPIL – LENS – RETINA – VITREOUS HUMOR and AQUEOUS HUMOR – CONJUCTIVA

THE SENSES TO FOCUS, A LENS CHANGES POSITION OR SHAPE – MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE CHOROIDS CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE LENS; FOCUSING LIGHT APPROPRIATELY

THE SENSES

ARTIFICIAL LENSES OR SURGERY CAN CORRECT FOCUSING PROBLEMS – 3 COMMON PROBLEMS NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA) – EYEBALL TOO LONG FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA) – EYEBALL TOO SHORT ASTIGMATISM – MISSHAPEN LENS OR CORNEA

THE SENSES OUR PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS ARE RODS AND CONES – CONES STIMULATED BY BRIGHT LIGTH AND CAN DISTINGUISH COLOR; DO NOT FUNCTION AT NIGHT PHOTOPSINS – VISUAL PIGMENTS THAT ABSORB BRIGHT, COLORED LIGHT

THE SENSES OUR PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS ARE RODS AND CONES – RODS EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO LIGHT AND ENABLE US TO SEE IN DIM LIGHT AT NIGHT, THOUGH ONLY IN SHADES OF GRAY RHODOPSINS – VISUAL PIGMENT THAT CAN ABSORB DIM LIGHT

THE SENSES THE EAR CONVERTS AIR PRESSURE WAVES INTO ACTION POTENTIALS THAT ARE PERCEIVED AS SOUND

THE SENSES THE EAR CONVERTS AIR PRESSURE WAVES INTO ACTION POTENTIALS THAT ARE PERCEIVED AS SOUND – OUTER EAR  COLLECTS SOUNDWAVES TO EAR DRUM PINNA  “EAR”; FLAP-LIKE STRUCTURE AUDITORY CANAL – EARDRUM  SHEET OF TISSUE THAT SEPARATES OUTER EAR FROM MIDDLE EAR – MIDDLE EAR EARDRUM; HAMMER, ANVIL, STIRRUP, OVAL WINDOW

THE SENSES THE EAR CONVERTS AIR PRESSURE WAVES INTO ACTION POTENTIALS THAT ARE PERCEIVED AS SOUND – INNER EAR CONTAINS COCHLEA – THE ACTUAL HEARING ORGAN

THE SENSES THE INNER EAR HOUSES OUR ORGANS OF BALANCE – SEMICIRCULAR CANAL  DETECT CHANGES IN THE HEAD’S RATE OF ROTATION OR ANGULAR MOVEMENT – UTRICLE AND SACCULE  HAIR CELLS THAT DETECT THE POSITION OF THE HEAD WITH RESPECT TO GRAVITY

THE SENSES WHAT CAUSES MOTION SICKNESS? – CONFLICTING SIGNALS FROM THE EYES AND INNER EAR’S BALANCE MECHANISM – SPIN AROUND OVER AND OVER, THEN SUDDENLY STOP…WHAT HAPPENS?!?!?!?

THE SENSES ODOR AND TASTE RECEPTORS DETECT CATEGORIES OF CHEMICALS

THE SENSES REVIEW: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM COUPLES STIMULUS WITH RESPONSE – NERVOUS SYSTEM LINKS STIMULUS RECEPTION WITH RESPONSE STIMULI  RECEPTORS  SENSORY NEURONS  CNS  INTEGRATION  MOTO NEURON  EFFECTOR  RESPONSE – REFLEX ARC

THE SENSES WHAT ABOUT OUR MUSCLES?? SKA-DOOSH!!