Paper prepared for presentation at the 17 th ICABR Conference “Innovation and Policy for the Bioeconomy” Ravello, Italy, June 18-21,2013 Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo, Alessandra Imperiali

Introduction Literature review Data and variables Empirical analysis Concluding remarks Outline 18/06/13

Investigate the link between society’s economic development and average level of subjective well-being. Account for the effects of environmental attitudes on subjective well-being. Explore the implications of a model, where environmental variables play a significant effect on human happiness. Aim of this paper 18/06/13 Introduction

Is happiness research making substantial progress along new lines? Are there new paradigms for research in the sector which include also the environment? What is the effect of environment on human happiness? Key Questions 18/06/13 Introduction

The Happiness Research 18/06/13 Literature and review Recently an intense research activity has been directed towards the study of happiness. In the words of St.Thomas: «Happiness is the ultimate achievement of an intellectual nature» In 2007 Biswas-Diener and Dean defined happiness as: “the experience of frequently mindly pleasant emotions, the relative absence of unpleasant feelings, and a general feeling of satisfaction with one’s life.” (Veenhoven, 1993)

The Happiness Research 18/06/13 Literature and review The first important contribution to the happiness literature was derived by Richard Easterlin who, in several papers examined the relationship between happiness and GDP both across than within countries through time (1974, 1995,2005a) Starting from 1990, empirical studies on happiness and subjective well-being started to incorporate other diverse fields such as social sciences and politics (Frey and Stutzer 2002,Graham and Helliwell, 2001, Di Tella et al., 1998, 2000, Blanchflower and Oswald, 1998, 2000, Easterlin and Schaeffer, 1999) In 2002 the psychologist Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics because he was able to establish a relationship between utility and happiness.

The Happiness Research 18/06/13 Literature and review Despite the considerable literature on the economics of happiness, little interest has been devoted to the relationship between environmental attitudes on subjective well-being. Different studies found that climatic variables have a significant effect on subjective well-being (Frijters & Van Praag, 1998; Rehdanz and Maddison, 2005; Brereton et al., 2008) Rehdanz and Maddison (2005) investigated the relationship between climate and happiness. The linkage between air pollution and happiness has been examined by Welsch (2002) using cross-section data for 54 countries, and by Welsch (2006) using a panel data approach. The results point to the fact that air pollution plays a statistically significant role as a predictor of inter-country and inter-temporal differences in subjective well-being.

The Happiness Research 18/06/13 Literature and review The same analysis has been performed by Di Tella and MacCulloch, 2008; Van Praag & Baarsma, 2005, who noticed that noise and air pollution has a negative effect on subjective well-being. Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Gowdy (2007) and Rehdanz and Maddison (2008) examined the effect of environmental attitudes on subjective well-being (Smyth and Qian, 2008) The implications of happiness research for policy prescriptions of environmental and research economics have yet to be worked out.

The considerable literature on the economics of happiness, finds a positive relationship between economic growth and the average level of subjective well-being. We are interested in extending this analysis to the link between “green growth “ and happiness, with the hypothesis that a positive relationship exists between a positive attitude toward the environment and subjective well-being. This is akin to the so called “ biophilia” hypothesis (Wilson, 1984, Kellert and Wilson, 1995), i.e. that human beings are subconsciously gratified by seeking a connection with the rest of life. An implication of biophilia is a positive relationship between protected areas, attempts of human beings to coexist peacefully with the nature and the average level of subjective well-being. Our Hypotheses 18/06/13 Introduction

The biophilia hypothesis asserts the existence of a fundamental genetically based, human need and propensity to affiliation with life and lifelike processes (Peter H. Kahn, 1997) According to Wilson (1984) the biophilic instint emerges in emotions and unpredictable fantasies and responses of individuals from early childhood onward. Kaplan and Kaplan have conducted extensive research on individual’s preferences for different sort of landscapes(1973, 1977, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1992). Their findings point to the fact that people preferred natural environments more than built environments and built environments with water, trees and other vegetation more than built environments without such features. The biophilia hypothesis 18/06/13 Introduction

Orians and Heerwagen (1992) have drawn on evolutionary theory to frame their research hypothesis on landscape aesthetics They believe people have a generalized bias toward savanna-like environment. If this bias exist, then people react positively to savannas even in the absence of direct experience. Their results supported this hypothesis and the hypothesis was confirmed by the study performed by Balling and Falk (1982) The biophilia hypothesis 18/06/13 Introduction

Ulrich (1993) investigated environmental aesthetic, conducting a study on a psychiatric hospital in Sweden on the effects of the visual representation of nature. Psychiatric patients responded favorably to wall art that involved nature but reacted negatively to abstract paintings and paintings in which the content was ambiguous and unintelligible. Other studies were conducted in prisons, dental offices and hospital point to the same effects. Ulrich(1984) explored the differences in the recovery of patients after visual stimulation of different types of nature picture. Their findings suggest that the patients exposed during surgery to the picture of an open nature view experienced much less postoperative anxiety than the control groups and the groups exposed to the other types of pictures The biophilia hypothesis 18/06/13 Introduction

The Happiness-Environment Economics Relationships. 18/06/13 Literature and review Source: New Economics Foundations Happy Planet Index, 2012.

The Analysis 18/06/13 Data and variables In the empirical part of our paper we aim to study the relationship between “green” growth and happiness and the effects of environmental attitudes on subjective well-being. We explore the effects on happiness of environmental actions or attitudes to prevent environmental pollution such as an increases in taxes; or other contributions from income for the environment; We collected the data of 34 countries from two different sources: The World Value Survey (WVS) and the World Bank. The WVS data were averaged at the country level and then were merged with the country level data file from the WB.

The Estimates 11/04/13 Data and variables

Variables used for our estimates 18/06/13 Empirical analysis

Variables used for our estimates 18/06/13 Empirical analysis

Variables used for our estimates 18/06/13 Empirical analysis

The Estimates 18/06/13 Empirical analysis Dep. Variable Satisfaction (1)(2)(3) employment0.002*** (0.00) Inflation-0.00*** (0.00) GDP7.07*** (1.92) 4.68*** (7.27) Increase Taxes-0.09*** (0.006) -0.05*** (0.015) Income-environment-0.05*** (0.015) Health-0.299*** (0.012) -0.32*** (0.008) Env-economic growth-0.09*** (0.09) *** (0.015) Nature (antrhocentrism versus biocentrism) 0.05*** (0.02) 0.13*** (0.019) Lifeexpencacy0.00 (0.002) Territorialareas0.010*** (0.001) Dummytime *** (0.22) Dummytime110.31*** (0.03) 0.44*** (0.03) Dummytime (0.02) *** (0.028) Dummytime *** (0.018) Dummycountry (0.38) (0.045) (0.39) Dummycountry30.58*** (0.24) 0.08 (0.31) Dummycountry (0.24) (0.22) N R-squared

Conclusions 18/06/13 Concluding remarks Our findings suggests that people in countries with a higher average degree of happiness are also more willing to protect the environment We also found that the interest in human beings coexisting with nature appears to positively influence subjective well-being. A positive relationship has been also found between terrestrial protected areas and overall subjective well being. These results combine with traditional results on income, health, employment and inflation and appear robust with respect to specifications