 1. Label where oxidation and reduction have occurred.  2. In ATP, where is the energy contained?  3. Which of the following is true regarding redox reactions?  a. Oxidizing agents accept electrons.  b. A molecule that accepts electrons is said to be reduced.  c. Redox reactions involve neutron transfers.  d. All of the above 2/9 Daily Catalyst Pg. 80 Citric Acid Cycle

 1. Label where oxidation and reduction have occurred.  2. In ATP, where is the energy contained?  In the phosphate bonds (3)  3. Which of the following is true regarding redox reactions?  a. Reducing agents accept electrons.  b. A molecule that accepts electrons is said to be reduced.  c. Redox reactions involve neutron transfers.  d. All of the above 2/9 Daily Catalyst Pg. 80 Citric Acid Cycle

 Quiz #20 (mini-test) on Friday  Energy, glycolysis, CAC, and the ETC  Quiz #19 on Tuesday  Friday-Tuesday information  Review packet over Mardi Gras Break  Tutoring available  Study sheets  Due February 2/27 2/9 Class Business Pg. 80 Citric Acid Cycle

 The official colors of Mardi Gras have meanings. Purple is for justice, gold is for power and green is for faith. These were chosen by the Grand Duke of Russia in /9 Fun Fact

 Daily Catalyst  Class Business  Glycolysis review  CAC notes  Homework: read AND outline concept 9.4 2/9 Agenda Pg. 80 Citric Acid Cycle

2/19 Objective  The student is able to construct explanations of the mechanisms and structural features of cells that allow organisms to capture, store or use free energy.

 Pg. 79 Glycolysis Review

 Key Point #4: Glycolysis ends with 2 pyruvate molecules

2 NAD + NADH H + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P i 2 P C CHOH O P O CH 2 O 2 O–O– 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase CH 2 OP 2 C CHOH 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase O–O– C C CH 2 OH H O P 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H 2 O 2 O–O– Enolase C C O P O CH 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase O–O– C C O O CH Pyruvate O Figure 9.8 B

 Key Point #5: Glycolysis summary:  Begin with 1 glucose  end with 2 ATP’s, 2 pyruvates, and 2 NADH’s  Next, pyruvates head straight to the mitochondria! End products

 How are the ATP’s made?

 Key Point #6: Substrate-level phosphorylation:  Enzymes transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP  ATP  Occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Substrate-level phosphorylation Enzyme ATP ADP Product Substrate P +

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 An overview of cellular respiration Figure 9.6 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolsis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrion Cytosol

 Reading Quiz  Name: ___________ Date: 2/9 Score: ________/4  1. What molecule is essential for pyruvate to enter the CAC?  2. Where does the CAC take place in the cell?  3. How much ATP is produced in the CAC?  4. Most of the ATP generation comes from what two molecules? Pg. 80 CAC

 Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy- yielding oxidation of organic molecules  Key Point #1: The citric acid cycle (CAC)  Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

 Key Point #2: The CAC will only take place if ___________ is present. OXYGEN

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, Pyruvate must first be converted into Acetyl CoA CYTOSOLMITOCHONDRION NADH + H + NAD CO 2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyle CoA S CoA C CH 3 O Transport protein O–O– O O C C CH 3 Figure 9.10 Key Point #3: Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA. 1 CO2 and 1 NADH are created. (2) pyruvates  2 Acetyl CoA’s = 2 CO2 and 2 NADH

An overview of the citric acid cycle ATP 2 CO 2 3 NAD + 3 NADH + 3 H + ADP + P i FAD FADH 2 Citric acid cycle CoA Acetyle CoA NADH + 3 H + CoA CO 2 Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) ATP Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylatio n Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12 Acetyl CoA NADH Oxaloacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA  -Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle SCoA SH NADH FADH 2 FAD GTP GDP NAD + ADP P i NAD + CO 2 CoA SH CoA SH CoA S H2OH2O + H + H2OH2O C CH 3 O OCCOO – CH 2 COO – CH 2 HO C COO – CH 2 COO – CH 2 HCCOO – HOCH COO – CH CH 2 COO – HO COO – CH HC COO – CH 2 COO – CH 2 CO COO – CH 2 CO COO – Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation NAD + + H + ATP Citric acid cycle Figure 9.12 A closer look at the citric acid cycle  Key Point #4: FADH2  Coenzyme  Electron shuttle  Not as energetic as NADH X2

End Products  Key Point #5  Reactants:  2 pyruvate molecules  2 Acetyl CoA  Products:  2 ATP  How?  Substrate-Level Phosphorylation  Electron shuttles?  6 NADH’s  2 FADH2’s  6 CO2’s  4 from CAC and 2 from conversion step

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, Pyruvate must first be converted into Acetyl CoA CYTOSOLMITOCHONDRION NADH + H + NAD CO 2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyle CoA S CoA C CH 3 O Transport protein O–O– O O C C CH 3 Figure 9.10

 Video Clip 

So far…  Glycolysis and the CAC have produced how many molecules of ATP?  4 ATP per glucose  How?  Substrate-level phosphorylation  Electron shuttles?  10 NADH’s  6 from CAC and 2 from glycolysis  2 from Pyruvate  Acetyl CoA  2 FADH2’s from CAC

 Reading Quiz  Name: ___________ Date: 2/9 Score: ________/4  1. What molecule is essential for pyruvate to enter the CAC?  Oxygen  2. Where does the CAC take place in the cell?  Mitochondria  3. How much ATP is produced in the CAC?  2 by substrate-level phosphorylation  4. Most of the ATP generation comes from what two molecules?  NADH and FADH2 Pg. 80 CAC