Chapter 2 Origins and Development of Law Enforcement

Introduction Development of formal policing systems Changes when Industrial Revolution arrived Emergence of modern professional police

Early Origins of Social Control Lex Talionis Code of Hammurabi Vigiles (Vigilante)

Development of Formal Policing 2200 BC Code of Hammurabi standardizes laws and punishments in Babylon 1340 BC Nile River Police established in Egypt 510 BC Romans establish the Praetorian Guard and Urban Court 27 BC Roman system of vigiles instituted by Emperor Augustus 400-800 Law enforcement in England is based on traditional notions of individual justice and punishment 899 System of shires, hundreds, and tithes is established by Alfred the Great 1285 Statute of Winchester establishes the watch-and-ward system in England 1326 Justices of the peace first appointed by the king in England 1748 Founding of the Bow Street Runners in London 1829 Creation of the London Metropolitan Police

Development of Formal Policing England—From Tithing to Posse Comitatus The King’s Peace King’s subjects are his property Shires and tithes Constables and posses Bow Street Runners

Development of Formal Policing England—The Formal System of Policing Sir Robert Peel Metropolitan Police Act—1829 Peel’s Principles of Policing Bobbies—1856

Development of Formal Policing Peel’s Principles Sir Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing (1829) The police must be stable, efficient and organized along military lines. The police must be under governmental control. The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of the police. The distribution of crime new is essential. The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential. No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quiet determined manner has more effect than violent action. Good appearance commands respect. The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency. Public security demands that every police officer be given a number. Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the people. Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis. Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police strength.

Development of Formal Policing United States—Early Watch Systems Justice of the Peace Sheriff Constables Night Watch Vigilante Committees

Development of Formal Policing United States—Slave Patrols and Jim Crow Laws Slave Codes Slave Patrols established mid-1740s Precursors to modern police forces Jim Crow Laws enacted 1880s

Eras of American Policing The Political Era (1840–1930) Spoils System Pendleton Act of 1883 Legalistic vs. Order Maintenance Wickersham Commission 1929 Women and Minorities

Eras of American Policing Origins of the Reform Era Faces of Reform: Early Leaders August Vollmer—Father of Police Professionalism O.W. Wilson—The Protégé J. Edgar Hoover—The FBI

Policing as a Profession Replacement of patronage systems Job security for administrators and leaders Centralized policing and recordkeeping

Profession Criteria Organized body of knowledge Advanced study Code of ethics Prestige Standards of admissions Professional association Service ideal

Advanced Study 1960s—High School degree required 1964 Law Enforcement Education Program National Institute of Justice American Society of Criminology

Code of Ethics Organizational value system Accountability mechanisms 1957 IACP Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and Police Code of Conduct

Prestige “Prestige refers to which profession is seen as desirable for employment or worthy of respect.”

Standards of Admission Character and background checks Psychological testing Requirements modified over time

Professional Associations 1893 International Association of Chiefs of Police 1915 International Association of Policewomen Currently Police Executive Forum Police Foundation Commission for the Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies

A Service Ideal Crime control Community service Speed of response time Incident handling efficiency Police community relations

Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing Traditional strategies Police-community relations Rising crime rates Uniform Crime Reports Dark Figure of Crime

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Structure Part I: Violent personal crimes Part II: Property crimes Cleared crimes Exceptional clearance Crime Indices Limitations

Dark Figure of Crime Underreported crime National Crime Victimization Survey Only about 39% of crime reported to police Limitations of NCVS

Reflections On Chapter Two 1. What are the similarities between our current policing system and the watch system? The Code of Hammarabi? 2. In what way can policing be a political issue? 3. Why were there so few women and minority police officers at the turn of the century? Why are they still so underrepresented? 4. Is there a political/police figure today as groundbreaking as Robert Peel? 5. Would the U.S. system of policing work in England? Why or why not? 6. Compared to professions such as law, medicine, and accounting, do you consider policing to be a profession? Why or why not? What criteria do you use to make your determination? 7. How can police officers improve their relationship with the public while avoiding the corruption that was rampant during the Political Era?