Four Perspectives on European World Cities Peter Newman University of Westminster, London, UK

European World City-Regions an EU perspective an EU perspective the European World City in the world of cities the European World City in the world of cities the challenge for World City Networks the challenge for World City Networks

Europe’s World Cities? Peter Hall’s European World Cities 1966 London – Paris – Randstad Holland – Rhine Ruhr - Moscow John Friedmann - Alpha and Beta World Cities London – Paris – Frankfurt – Milan – Zurich – Brussels – Madrid – Moscow Polynet - mega city regions (advanced producer services) North West Europe

London World City-Region

Paris – World City-Region? GRAND PARIS?

European Spatial Planning city-region networks trans-European transport

World City Network World City Network Peter Taylor

business connectivity city networks ‘global business class’ ‘highly politicized diasporic groups’ ‘virtual public sphere’

World City Policy Network? “heavy institutional deficit” Jan-Erik Lane World Bank / IMF / UN – ‘continual conflict’ ‘lack of ownership / capacity /accountability’ Giddens –national action and leadership Held – national / transnational law – commercial / environment law national protectionism / regional protectionism

City Benchmarking Regional Networks Global Networks

European network experience leadership? “London is well placed to help the world adapt. I am committed to making London a world leader in tackling climate change.” “Happy, green,clean,safe. And pioneering on the whole environmental agenda, taking that stuff seriously, making London the centre of the new global green revolution.” Boris Johnson, Mayor of London World city networks as hybrid institutions – ngo + government - legitimacy of collective action