History of psychology

CHARLES DARWIN Published theory of evolution in 1859

Charles Darwin  Was an English biologist - psychology not a science at that time  Darwin’s writings inspired scientists to study animals in an attempt to understand humans better  Published Origin of Species and The Descent of Man The Descent of Man Early psychologists were influenced by Early psychologists were influenced by Darwin’s research. Darwin’s research.

Wilhelm Wundt (pronouned Vunt)  Father of Psychology  German philosopher and physiologist  Started the first laboratory for studying humans in 1879  Trained people to describe in detail all sensations they received from objects that they came in contact with  The information was collected and analyzed

Wundt used technique of introspection The process of looking inside oneself and describing what one feels, thinks, remembers.

 This approach still used today in clinical psychology  Wundt believed that people could use introspection to learn about themselves

UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR Theories that have emerged through the years  PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH  BEHAVIORAL APPROACH  HUMANISTIC APPROACH  COGNITIVE APPROACH  NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACH  SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH

SIGMUND FREUD FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS using the psychoanalytic approach PSYCHOANALYTIC

SIGMUND FREUD Austrian physician Emphasized the power of un- conscious conflicts and early childhood experiences Developed one of the first theories of personality

Freud believed that these factors dictated and influenced our actions: UUUUnconscious urges HHHHidden aggressive tendencies SSSSexual impulses CCCChildhood experiences SSSSuppressed memories FFFFantasies THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES CONTROL MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIOR

 Freud used hypnosis, then free association and interpretation of dreams to learn about the unconscious.  Free association: saying whatever comes to your mind without fear of judgment.  Freud would have patients lie down on his couch and talk about their dreams, thoughts, emotions and behavior in an attempt to get to their “unconscious” level.

 ID –CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF MIND MIND  SUPEREGO- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS

 EGO- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SUPEREGO. THE SUPEREGO.  The unconscious can surface in our dreams, through free association, and our “ego” which our dreams, through free association, and our “ego” which allows the expression of the ID. allows the expression of the ID.

ENTER THE BEHAVIORISTS

BEHAVIORISM  Learned behavior through rewards and punishments-positive and negative reinforcements, associations  Emphasis on observable behavior  Our behavior is more influenced by consequences (positive or negative) rather than free will. than free will.  Much of our learning is through conditioning

JOHN B. WATSON  One of the first to study the impact of learning on human emotion  Believed that we are what we “learn” to be  Wrote a book on child rearing  Watson believed that behavior NOT the mind should be the focus of psychology  Conducted controversial learning by association experiment on “Little Albert”

JOHN WATSON  Founder of behaviorism  Did not believe that psychologist should concentrate on consciousness or mental concentrate on consciousness or mental processes, but on observable behavior. processes, but on observable behavior.

EXPERIMENT ON CONDITIONING CONDUCTED ON “LITTLE ALBERT” 9-11 MONTHS OLD BY WATSON IN THE 1920S “LITTLE ALBERT WAS CONDITIONED TO FEAR A WHITE RAT THAT HE WAS INITIALLY DID NOT SEEM TO FEAR.

Principles of classical conditioning have been used in advertising for years.

DRINK COORS LIGHT ! Would beer companies use these images?

B.F. Skinner continues research on the behaviorist theory of behavior  Believed we are controlled by our environment and become whatever the environment forces us to be  Must focus on observable behavior  Automated his experiments and designed the now famous “Skinner Box” –a sound proof chamber with a bar or key than an animal presses or pecks to release food or a reward

 Skinner invented the operant chamber which became known as the “Skinner Box”  Coined the term “operant behavior” which refers to behaviors that “operate upon the environment to generate consequences” refers to behaviors that “operate upon the environment to generate consequences”

Mr. and Mrs. Skinner view daughter, Debbie, In “box”.

HUMANISM  Carl Rogers believed that people had within themselves the resources for self-under- themselves the resources for self-under- standing and the ability to alter their self- standing and the ability to alter their self- concept, attitudes, and behavior with the proper nurturing and environment. People are basically good.

CARL ROGERS HUMANIST Believed the en- vironment does not force us to do any- thing. Maintained that people are basically good

ROGERS – We are in control of our own destinies Can exercise free will to make changes in our lives With the right nurturing, we can reach our highest potential Emphasized importance of self-esteem

Humanism (continued)  Being understood and valued gives us the freedom to grow. Used “unconditional positive regard” in his therapy. positive regard” in his therapy.  His approach revolutionized therapy. Roger’s techniques became known as Rogerian therapy (client-centered) Rogerian therapy (client-centered)  Abraham Maslow was another psychologist who supported the humanistic approach. who supported the humanistic approach.

ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist) DEVELOPED IDEA OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS WITH THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT BEING SELF-ACTUALIZATION

COGNITIVE (THINKING)  Belief that our thoughts and internal sentences are key motivators for behavior.  Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing, jumping to conclusions, labeling, and jumping to conclusions, labeling, and mental filters lead to socially and mental filters lead to socially and psychologically destructive behavior. psychologically destructive behavior.

JEAN PIAGET ( ) ALBERT ELLIS ( )

IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOR  All or nothing thinking  Overgeneralization  Mental filter  Disqualifying the positive  Jumping to conclusions  Exaggerating or minimizing  Emotional reasoning  Should statements  Labeling and mislabeling

NEUROBIOLOGICAL  Emphasizes physical changes or conditions in our bodies when explaining behavior brain chemistry, glandular system, nervous brain chemistry, glandular system, nervous system, genes, and any other systems system, genes, and any other systems operating in the body. operating in the body. Psychologists have joined scientists from many other disciplines to study the how the chemicals and structure of the brain and other physiological factors affect us. Psychologists have joined scientists from many other disciplines to study the how the chemicals and structure of the brain and other physiological factors affect us.

SOCIOCULTURAL  Focuses on the impact on behavior from cultural considerations including :  Racial and ethnic background Cultural and family traditions Cultural and family traditions  Religion  Expectations from society.

“ECLECTICISM” IN PSYCHOLOGY THE INTEGRATED USE OF TECHNIQUES FROM DIFFERENT PSYCHOTHERAPIES.