Advanced Computer Architecture 0 Lecture # 1 Introduction by Husnain Sherazi.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
Advertisements

MICRO PROCESSER The micro processer is a multipurpose programmable, clock driven, register based, electronic integrated device that has computing and decision.
Computer Architecture & Organization
Chapter 5: Computer Systems Organization Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition.
Introduction to Computer Systems
General information CSE 243 : Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware /Software Interface. Instructor : Swapna S. Gokhale Phone :
0 What is a computer?  Simply put, a computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine that:  Accepts input information,  Processes the information.
Computer Organization and Architecture William Stallings 8 th Edition Chapter 1 Introduction.
CH01: Architecture & Organization 1 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer  Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,
General information Course :Computer Organization
2 nd Year - 1 st Semester Asst. Lect. Mohammed Salim
Computer Architecture and Organization
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6 th Edition Chapter 1 Introduction.
Input/OUTPUT [I/O Module structure].
2007 Sept 06SYSC 2001* - Fall SYSC2001-Ch1.ppt1 Computer Architecture & Organization  Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation,
CS 1308 Computer Literacy and the Internet Computer Systems Organization.
Basic Structure of Computer Computer Architecture Lecture – 2.
Computer Architecture and Organization Introduction.
Introduction to the Computer System. What is a computer ? A computer is an electronic device that can accept data and instruction, process them or store.
Chapter 5: Computer Systems Organization Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition.
Computers Are Your Future Eleventh Edition Chapter 2: Inside the System Unit Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall1.
Computers organization & Assembly Language Chapter 0 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Basic Concepts.
EKT 422 Computer Architecture
Chapter 1 Introduction. Architecture & Organization 1 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer —Instruction set, number of bits used.
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Ver.1Systems and Networking1.
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE. Recommended Text 1Computer Organization and Architecture by William Stallings 2Structured Computer Organisation Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
Computer Organization - 1. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT List different input devices Compare the use of voice recognition as opposed to the entry of data via.
General Concepts of Computer Organization Overview of Microcomputer.
Computer Architecture And Organization UNIT-II General System Architecture.
Computer Organization & Assembly Language © by DR. M. Amer.
Introduction Computer System “An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input),
Computer Hardware A computer is made of internal components Central Processor Unit Internal External and external components.
Computer Architecture 2 nd year (computer and Information Sc.)
CPS 4150 Computer Organization Fall 2006 Ching-Song Don Wei.
Computer Organization. The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks Digital computer use binary number system which.
Computer Organization Instructors Course By: Lecturer: Shimaa Ibrahim Hassan TA: Eng: Moufeda Hussien Lecture: 9:45 Address:
CS 1308 Computer Literacy and the Internet. Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about:  The components of a computer system  Putting all the.
Chapter 1 Introduction.  Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer ◦ Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O.
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 1 Introduction.
Overview of microcomputer structure and operation
1 Chapter 1 Basic Structures Of Computers. Computer : Introduction A computer is an electronic machine,devised for performing calculations and controlling.
Chapter 1 Introduction.   In this chapter we will learn about structure and function of computer and possibly nature and characteristics of computer.
A computer consists of five functionally independent main parts.
Computer Architecture and Number Systems
What is a computer? Simply put, a computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine that: Accepts input information, Processes the information.
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition
CSNB COMPUTER SYSTEM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CSNB153 computer system.
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
General information CSE 243 : Introduction to Computer Architecture and Hardware /Software Interface. Instructor : Swapna S. Gokhale Phone :
What is a computer? Simply put, a computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine that: Accepts input information, Processes the information.
Computer Architecture
ECEG-3202 Computer Architecture and Organization
Text Book Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, 7th Ed., 2006, William Stallings, Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition
Basic Computer Organization
ECEG-3202 Computer Architecture and Organization
Chapter 5: Computer Systems Organization
Overview of Computer Architecture and Organization
Chapter 1 Introduction.
Introduction to Computer Architecture
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition
Presentation transcript:

Advanced Computer Architecture 0 Lecture # 1 Introduction by Husnain Sherazi

Intro… Computer System “An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), process data arithmetically and logically, produce output from the processing, and store the results for future use.” 1

Computer Architecture “The structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write a correct (time independent) program for that machine.”

Architecture & Organization 1  Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer  Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.  e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?  Organization is how features are implemented  Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.  e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture & Organization 2  All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture  The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture  This gives code compatibility  At least backwards  Organization differs between different versions

Structure & Function  Structure is the way in which components relate to each other  Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

Function  All computer functions are:  Data processing  Data storage  Data movement  Control

7 General Purpose computer?  Simply put, a computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine that:  Accepts input information,  Processes the information according to a list of internally stored instructions and  Produces the resulting output information.  Functions performed by a computer are:  Accepting information to be processed as input.  Storing a list of instructions to process the information.  Processing the information according to the list of instructions.  Providing the results of the processing as output.  What are the functional units of a computer?

8 Functional units of a computer I/O Processor Output Memory Input Control Arithmetic & Logic Instr1 Instr2 Instr3 Data1 Data2 Input unit accepts information: Human operators, Electromechanical devices Other computers Output unit sends results of processing: To a monitor display, To a printer Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU): Performs the desired operations on the input information as determined by instructions in the memory Control unit coordinates various actions Input, Output Processing Stores information: Instructions, Data

General Purpose Computer

10 Information in a computer -- Instructions  Instructions specify commands to:  Transfer information within a computer (e.g., from memory to ALU)  Transfer of information between the computer and I/O devices (e.g., from keyboard to computer, or computer to printer)  Perform arithmetic and logic operations (e.g., Add two numbers, Perform a logical AND).  A sequence of instructions to perform a task is called a program, which is stored in the memory.  Processor fetches instructions that make up a program from the memory and performs the operations stated in those instructions.  What do the instructions operate upon?

11 Information in a computer -- Data  Data are the “operands” upon which instructions operate.  Data could be:  Numbers,  Encoded characters.  Data, in a broad sense means any digital information.  Computers use data that is encoded as a string of binary digits called bits.

12 Input unit Input Unit Processor Memory ComputerReal world Keyboard Audio input …… Binary information must be presented to a computer in a specific format. This task is performed by the input unit: - Interfaces with input devices. - Accepts binary information from the input devices. - Presents this binary information in a format expected by the computer. - Transfers this information to the memory or processor.

13 Memory unit  Memory unit stores instructions and data.  Recall, data is represented as a series of bits.  To store data, memory unit thus stores bits.  Processor reads instructions and reads/writes data from/to the memory during the execution of a program.  In theory, instructions and data could be fetched one bit at a time.  In practice, a group of bits is fetched at a time.  Group of bits stored or retrieved at a time is termed as “word”  Number of bits in a word is termed as the “word length” of a computer.  In order to read/write to and from memory, a processor should know where to look:  “Address” is associated with each word location.

14 Memory unit (contd..)  Processor reads/writes to/from memory based on the memory address:  Access any word location in a short and fixed amount of time based on the address.  Random Access Memory (RAM) provides fixed access time independent of the location of the word.  Access time is known as “Memory Access Time”.  Memory and processor have to “communicate” with each other in order to read/write information.  In order to reduce “communication time”, a small amount of RAM (known as Cache) is tightly coupled with the processor.  Modern computers have three to four levels of RAM units with different speeds and sizes:  Fastest, smallest known as Cache  Slowest, largest known as Main memory.

15 Memory unit (contd..)  Primary storage of the computer consists of RAM units.  Fastest, smallest unit is Cache.  Slowest, largest unit is Main Memory.  Primary storage is insufficient to store large amounts of data and programs.  Primary storage can be extended, but it is expensive.  Store large amounts of data on secondary storage devices:  Magnetic disks and tapes,  Optical disks (CD-ROMS).  Access to the data stored in secondary storage in slower, but take advantage of the fact that some information may be accessed infrequently.  Cost of a memory unit depends on its access time, lesser access time implies higher cost.

16 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)  Operations are executed in the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).  Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction.  Logic operations such as comparison of numbers.  In order to execute an instruction, operands need to be brought into the ALU from the memory.  Operands are stored in general purpose registers available in the ALU.  Access times of general purpose registers are faster than the cache.  Results of the operations are stored back in the memory or retained in the processor for immediate use.

17 Output unit Computers represent information in a specific binary form. Output units: - Interface with output devices. - Accept processed results provided by the computer in specific binary form. - Convert the information in binary form to a form understood by an output device. Output Unit Processor Memory Computer Real world Printer Graphics display Speakers ……

Structure - Top Level Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Peripherals Communication lines Central Processing Unit Computer

Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Login Unit Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Registers CPU I/O Memory System Bus CPU

20 Control unit  Operation of a computer can be summarized as:  Accepts information from the input units (Input unit).  Stores the information (Memory).  Processes the information (ALU).  Provides processed results through the output units (Output unit).  Operations of Input unit, Memory, ALU and Output unit are coordinated by Control unit.  Instructions control “what” operations take place (e.g. data transfer, processing).  Control unit generates timing signals which determines “when” a particular operation takes place.

21 How are the functional units connected? For a computer to achieve its operation, the functional units need to communicate with each other. In order to communicate, they need to be connected. MemoryInputOutputProcessor Functional units may be connected by a group of parallel wires. The group of parallel wires is called a bus. Each wire in a bus can transfer one bit of information. The number of parallel wires in a bus is equal to the word length of a computer Bus

22 Organization of cache and main memory Main memory Processor Bus Cache memory Why is the access time of the cache memory lesser than the access time of the main memory?