NOUNS ARE AWESOME!

What this slide show contains is full models for every type of noun you have had thus far, plus notes for each of them and explanations. Now, if you have not memorized your noun models, you must do it immediately. Every subsequent thing you learn is dependent upon these noun models. If you do not have them memorized, you will not be able to do exercises, translation passages, and other items. All of the chapters assume that you have these memorized as do the exercises. In order to work as efficiently as possible, you must have these in your brains.

FIRST DECLENSION NOUNS *mostly feminine *listed in vocab like puella, puellae SingularPlural Nominative puellapuellae Genitive puellaepuellarum Dativepuellaepuellis Accusativepuellampuellas Ablativepuellapuellis Vocativepuellapuellae *if you can decline puella, you can decline ANY first declension noun that exists. *Remember, to find your stem, take the genitive singular and drop the-ae ending.

SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE NOUNS IN –US These second declension nouns that end in –us are masculine nouns. These second declension nouns that end in –us are masculine nouns. They are listed in the vocab as amicus, amici They are listed in the vocab as amicus, amici SingularPlural Nominative amicusamici Genitive amiciamicorum Dativeamicoamicis Accusativeamicumamicos Ablativeamicoamicis Vocativeamiceamici * If you can decline amicus, you can decline any noun that looks like it. * To find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the -i

SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE NOUNS IN –ER *These are also masculine, but there are fewer of them *they have the same endings as amicus does, but the nominative singular ends in –er *they are listed in the vocab like ager, agri SingularPlural Nominative ageragri Genitive agriagrorum Dativeagroagris Accusativeagrumagros Ablativeagroagris Vocativeageragri If you can decline ager, you can decline any noun like it. If you can decline ager, you can decline any noun like it. To find the stem go to the genitive singular and drop the –i. To find the stem go to the genitive singular and drop the –i.

SECOND DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS These follow the neuter rule: nominative and accusative are the same, and the nominative and accusative plural end in –a These follow the neuter rule: nominative and accusative are the same, and the nominative and accusative plural end in –a Aside from the neuter rule, they have the same endings as masculine 2 nd declension nouns. Aside from the neuter rule, they have the same endings as masculine 2 nd declension nouns. Listed in the vocab as periculum, periculi Listed in the vocab as periculum, periculi SingularPlural Nominative periculumpericula Genitive periculipericulorum Dativepericulopericulis Accusativepericulumpericula Ablativepericulopericulis Vocativepericulumpericula *If you can decline periculum, you can decline any noun like it. *to find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the –i.

THIRD DECLENSION REMINDERS: There are masculine, feminine and neuter nouns in third declension There are masculine, feminine and neuter nouns in third declension Masculine and feminine third declension nouns have the same endings Masculine and feminine third declension nouns have the same endings Neuter third declension nouns have the same endings as masculine and feminine nouns, but they follow the neuter rule. Neuter third declension nouns have the same endings as masculine and feminine nouns, but they follow the neuter rule. The ONLY way to tell if a noun is third declension is if you look at its genitive singular and it ends in –is. The ONLY way to tell if a noun is third declension is if you look at its genitive singular and it ends in –is.

THIRD DECLENSION MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS *Remember, to find the STEM, you have to know the genitive singular. Go to it and drop the –is. The nominative singular WILL NOT HELP YOU AT ALL. *rex, regis is masculine, but any feminine noun will have the same endings. SingularPlural Nominative rexreges Genitive regisregum Dativeregiregibus Accusativeregemreges Ablativeregeregibus Vocativerex*reges* *the vocative is the same as the nominative. -x is not an ending for anything except nouns where the nominative singular ends in –x.

THIRD DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS These follow the neuter rule, but like all third declension nouns, you have to use the genitive singular to find the stem. These follow the neuter rule, but like all third declension nouns, you have to use the genitive singular to find the stem. SingularPlural Nominative tempustempora Genitive temporistemporum Dativetemporitemporibus Accusativetempustempora Ablativetemporetemporibus Vocativetempustempora * Notice how the endings are the same as rex, regis except for the forms that are affected by the neuter rule.

NOTES ABOUT I-STEMS * I-stem nouns ONLY occur in third declension and they appear in all three genders. *There are three rules to know in order to determine whether a noun is an i- stem or not. 1. Parasyllabics—all this means is that the number of syllables in the nominative and genitive singular are the same. For example, how many syllables are in rex? One, right? And in regis? Two. The two forms rex and regis, do NOT have the same number of syllables, and therefore this noun is NOT an i-stem. What about hostis, hostis? What about civitas, civitatis? What about mare, maris? You just count the syllables. 2. Neuter nouns which have a nominative singular in –e, -al, or –ar. There are not many of these. In fact, mare, maris is probably the most common, or animal, animalis. 3. Stem in two consonants—these nouns, when you drop the –is of the genitive singular, have two consonants remaining. So, for example, if you take ars, artis and you drop the –is, you are left with art- and r, and t, are consonants. Also, for pons, pontis, you have pont- after you drop the –is and n and t are consonants.

WHAT DO I-STEMS DO? well, really, they are just third declension nouns and share third declension endings. well, really, they are just third declension nouns and share third declension endings. Neuter i-stems still follow the neuter rule. Neuter i-stems still follow the neuter rule. I-stems, however do a couple of weird things I-stems, however do a couple of weird things If the i-stem is masculine or feminine, the genitive plural ending is –ium. Look above at the genitive pl. endings for rex and for tempus. See how they are just –um? I-stem genitive plurals end in –ium, regardless of gender. If the i-stem is masculine or feminine, the genitive plural ending is –ium. Look above at the genitive pl. endings for rex and for tempus. See how they are just –um? I-stem genitive plurals end in –ium, regardless of gender. If the i-stem is neuter, the –i- appears in a few more places. The ablative singular ends in –i and the nominative plural and accusative plural end in –ia instead of just –a. Of course, the genitive plural is still –ium. If the i-stem is neuter, the –i- appears in a few more places. The ablative singular ends in –i and the nominative plural and accusative plural end in –ia instead of just –a. Of course, the genitive plural is still –ium. Look below at the two i-stems I have declined for you. Then compare them to rex and tempus and see where the –i- appears. I have put it in a different color in the following slides. Look below at the two i-stems I have declined for you. Then compare them to rex and tempus and see where the –i- appears. I have put it in a different color in the following slides.

MASCULINE AND FEMININE I-STEMS The noun below is feminine, but a masculine i- stem would work the same way. The noun below is feminine, but a masculine i- stem would work the same way. SingularPlural SingularPlural Nominative arsartes Genitive artisartium Dativeartiartibus Accusativeartemartes Ablativearteartibus Vocativearsartes Notice that the ONLY difference between this noun and rex is the –i- in yellow above. That’s it. Notice that the ONLY difference between this noun and rex is the –i- in yellow above. That’s it.

NEUTER I-STEM NOUNS These nouns have the –i- in more places. These nouns have the –i- in more places. Compare this one below to tempus. Compare this one below to tempus. SingularPlural SingularPlural Nominative maremaria Genitive marismarium Dativemarimaribus Accusativemaremaria Ablativemari/e*maribus Vocativemaremaria Some people use mari for the ablative singular, some use mare. Some people use mari for the ablative singular, some use mare. The only difference between the endings of this noun and a non i-stem third declension are in yellow above. The only difference between the endings of this noun and a non i-stem third declension are in yellow above.