 What do you remember about the Indus River Valley Civilizations? Be ready to share and take out your class notes.  Crash Course Video Clip: //

Today’s LEQ: After the first wave civilizations, what stayed the same and what changed?

 Indus River Valley, Harappan Society  Major society built c BCE, mysterious decline by 1500BCE  Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River) Harappan society and its neighbors ca B.C.E.

 Aryans, lighter-skinned invaders from the north  Arrived in waves and mixed with local people, Dravidians (darker- skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa)  Moved eastward towards Ganges River by 1000BCE  Difficulty of theory: no evidence of large-scale military conquest

 Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle  Religious and Literary works: The Vedas  Sanskrit: sacred tongue  Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi, Urdu, Bengali  Four Vedas, most important Rigveda ▪ 1,028 hymns to gods ▪ Lays out India’s caste system

 Soon after Aryan invasion, India began dividing everyone into one of five groups, or castes - Complex system of social division  Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians  Resulted in cultural stability in India for thousands of years, but restricted social mobility  Jati – subsystem of castes 6

 Also, you need a page for the Untouchables  And, for Jati

 Go to  Username & Password: midtownstaff  Switch to ancient database  Type “caste system” into the search field  In your foldable, provide a description and visual for each social class; Keep in mind, this will serve as your study guide for the upcoming unit test.

 Turn in your caste system foldable (is your name on it?!)  Use the terms below to write 3-4 sentences that show your understanding of what we covered yesterday. Be ready to share!!!

 Unified northern India. Extremely centralized – Maurya Empire!  Divided empire into provinces and districts for taxation and law enforcement  Feared assassination  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc.  301 BCE  gave up his throne and became a Jain (religion focusing on complete non-violence) 10

 Chandragupta’s advisor  Wrote the Arthashastra:  A guide for his king and his ministers  Supports royal power  The great evil in society is anarchy  Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary

 Ashoka = most important ruler of Mauryan Empire  Religious conversion after gruesome battle of Kalinga  Religiously tolerant  Patronized Buddhist art, architecture and culture. Buddhism expanded.  Put up pillars all over India, declaring the peaceful intent of his empire 12

 Written mostly in Sanskrit (some in Greek and Aramaic)  Cosmopolitan (diverse) empire!  Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

 Economic crisis follows death of Ashoka  Results in power vacuum   Regions begin to abandon Mauryan Empire  Disappears by 185 CE 14

 Next to unify India  Profitable trade of cotton and pepper  Guptas were Hindu, not Buddhist (although tolerant)  Politics = indirect rule  Large amount of freedom given to administrators throughout empire  “Golden Age” of Indian culture

Extensive Trade: 4c Extensive Trade: 4c spices spices gold & ivory rice & wheat horses cotton goods silks

Medicine Mathematics Astronomy Printed medicinal guides 1000 diseases classified Plastic Surgery C-sections performed Inoculations 500 healing plants identified Decimal System Concept of Zero PI = Solar Calendar The earth is round Gupta India Gupta Achievements

 Invasion by pastoralists called White Huns in the 500s = end of Gupta Golden Age  Decline of Gupta – north India broke into many separate Hindu kingdoms ruled by rajputs (Hindu princes)  Not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.  Indian history marked by big debate: unity vs. disunity

 Create a multiple choice test item for the AP exam that assesses the Maurya and/or the Gupta. Create a problem with four answer choices, one that is correct and three that are incorrect. Make sure your question is challenging! For example, don’t do this:  What were the names of the two Classical Age empires of India?  A: Wynnland & Appotopia  B: Europe & Asia  C: Maurya and Gupta  D: None of the above