© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 14 Circulation and Blood Vessels Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Circulation Major circulatory systems –Cardiopulmonary circulation –Systemic circulation Specialized circulatory systems –Coronary circulation –Portal circulation –Fetal circulation

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Cardiopulmonary Circulation Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart. Review of blood flow through the heart and lungs

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Systemic Circulation Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions Carries away waste products Helps equalize body temperature Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria The aorta and its branches

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Coronary Circulation Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle Right and left branches of the coronary artery Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Portal Circulation A branch of the general circulation Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon and spleen empty their blood into the hepatic portal vein which goes to the liver Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Portal Circulation Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose concentration is kept within a relatively narrow range Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Fetal Circulation Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus) Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood; not through their own lungs and digestive systems The fetal blood does not mix with the mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food and waste is passed through the placenta

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries) Layers of the walls –Tunica adventitia or externa –Tunica media –Tunica intima

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Arteries Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries Smaller arteries branch into arterioles Arterioles give rise to the capillaries Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Capillaries Smallest blood vessels Can only be seen through a microscope Connect the arterioles and venules Muscle and connective tissue disappear and they become a simple endothelial cell layer

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Capillaries Selective permeability Control of blood flow by precapillary sphincters Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Veins Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart Layers of the walls –Tunica externa –Tunica media –Tunica intima Walls much thinner than arteries –Do not have to withstand as much pressure

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Veins Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction –Toward the heart Largest vein is the vena cavae –Superior vena cavae returns blood from upper part of body –Inferior vena cavae returns blood from the lower part of the body Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Venous Return Valves help keep venous blood moving Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Venous Return Pressure changes occur when we breath which helps bring venous blood back to the heart Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood Pressure Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Pulse pressure Normal values = 120/80

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pulse Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on the body Should be same as heart rate Can feel pulse on the body where the artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone –These are called pulse points

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pulse Points Brachial artery Common carotid artery Femoral artery Dorsalis pedis artery

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Pulse Points Popliteal artery Radial artery Temporal artery Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding distal to the pulse point Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Gangrene Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels Embolism Varicose veins Hemorrhoids Cerebral hemorrhage Peripheral vascular disease

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels Hypertension –Normal –Less than 120/80 –Pre-hypertension – /80-89 Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels Stage I hypertension – /90-99 Stage II hypertension –160 and above/100 and above

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Blood Vessels White coat hypertension Hypotension Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)- –warning stroke Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) –stroke Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypoperfusion Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to the organs and body systems Hypoperfused tissue will stop working properly***** Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypoperfusion Back in the GameBack in the Game Sports Medicine is a clinic dedicated to the treatment of physical injuries to the body. Caring for an injured body involves more than making the diagnosis; it's about understanding and treating the cause to prevent future injuries. The clinic addresses variety of injuries to the body whether it be from a car accident to over-use trauma. When injuries occur, it is no longer enough for people to "take it easy for awhile" or "work through it." Sports medicine professionals like Back in the Game offer Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov