prof Cecilia Montorsi UNIT 1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS BASED ON LOCK, Graham. Functional English Grammar. USA. CUP Pp 1-11

prof Cecilia Montorsi FORMAL GRAMMAR  LANGUAGE = set of rules which specify all the possible grammatical structures. Grammatical =/= Ungrammatical sentences  MAIN CONCERN = the forms of the grammatical structure and their relationship to one another rather than with their meanings or uses in different contexts  MATERIAL USED= sentences made up to illustrate different grammatical rules FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR  LANGUAGE = System of communication. The study of how language is organized to make and exchange meanings  appropriate vs. inappropriate forms for a communicative purpose in a particular context.  MAIN CONCERN = the functions of structures and their constituents and their meanings in context.  MATERIAL USED = Authentic texts.

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE TEACHING prof Cecilia Montorsi Most learners study a language to acquire the ability to communicate with other speakers or writers of the language. Why do most learners study a language? How can grammar contribute to language learning? Grammar needs not only to lay out the forms and structures of the language, but also to show what they are for and how they are used. SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

prof Cecilia Montorsi SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR As said before, its primary aim is to understand how the grammar of a language serves as a resource for making and exchanging meanings. It is, therefore, likely to have useful things to say to language learners and teachers. the theoretical and analytical framework adopted in this course, as well as much of the terminology, is drawn from the work of M.A.K. Halliday, who has had great influence on mother tongue and second language education.

LEXIS (words of the language) GRAMMAR GRAMMAR SYNTAX SYNTAX(arrangement of words)MORPHOLOGY (internal structure of words) PHONOLOGY (sound system) SEMANTICS (systems of meaning ) prof Cecilia Montorsi LEVELS OF ANALYSIS LANGUAGE Lexico- grammar

prof Cecilia Montorsi THE ORGANIZATION OF GRAMMAR RANK different levels of organization within grammar CLASS different classes of units

prof Cecilia Montorsi RANK Different levels of organization within Grammar  Hierarchy She’s great fun but her husband is rather dull. sentence She’s great fun her husband is rather dull. clauses She great fun her husband is rather dull. groups great fun her is dull. words

prof Cecilia Montorsi S E N T E N C E C L A U S E. G R O U P / P H R A S E W O R D. The Rank Scale

prof Cecilia Montorsi The relationship between the units is as follows: each unit consists of one or more units of the rank below it.

prof Cecilia Montorsi CLASSES OF UNITS CLASSES OF WORDS :nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. CLASSES OF GROUPS : noun groups, adjective groups, adverb groups, verb groups. CLASSES OF CLAUSES : independent and dependent; finite and non-finite; elliptical and non-elliptical; embedded; etc.CLASS

prof Cecilia Montorsi WORDS: EXAMPLES BEAUTYSTUDENTSGOVERNMENT NOUNS BEAUTIFULGOODHEAVY ADJECTIVES BEAUTIFULLYWELLNEVERTHELESS ADVERBS WORKBESMILE VERBS

prof Cecilia Montorsi THIS ROAD GOES THROUGH THE FOREST. (pp) GROUPS – PHRASES: EXAMPLES THIS CONSTITUTES THE MOST DIFFICULT ANSWER GIVEN BY THE GOVERNMENT. (NG) THAT CHAPTER IS VERY INTERESTING TO STUDY. (adjG) THE FIREMEN CAME AS QUICKLY AS THEY COULD. (advG) NEXT WEEK, I WILL HAVE BEEN WORKING HERE FOR 10 YEARS. (VG)

prof Cecilia Montorsi CLAUSES: EXAMPLES The answers given by the students have on the whole been very good. He always gets angry about the students, when they don’t study enough.- (independent – dependent) To get to work easily, you should take the train. (NF - F) Mary was absolutely happy and went celebrating. (elliptical) (embedding)

prof Cecilia Montorsi MEANING EXPERIENTIAL ( IDEATIONAL) Language represents our experience of the world and of the inner world of our feelings and thoughts. It has to do with how we talk about actions, feelings situations, states, etc. INTERPERSONAL The way we act upon one another through language, how we interact with other people –giving and requesting information, etc- and how we express our judgment and attitudes TEXTUAL The way in which language is organized in relation to its context. It is important in the creation of coherence in spoken and written text. May be