Chemical analysis of MPM containing essential oils. Herbs and MPM that contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes

Volatile oils (VO) are miscellaneous volatile organic compounds which are produced in plants and cause their specific odour  They differ entirely in both chemical and physical properties from fixed oils. VO can be distilled from their natural sources; they do not consist of glyceryl esters of fatty acids. Hence, they do not leave a permanent grease spot on paper. VO do not become rancid as do the fixed oils, but instead, on exposure to light and air, they oxidize and resinify.

VO can be divided into 3 main groups:  monoterpenoids (acyclic, monocyclic and bicyclic);  sesquiterpenoids (acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic);  aromatic compounds (derivatives of n-cimen, benzol and phenilpropan).

Terpene hydrocarbons Monoterpene hydrocarbons Sesquiterpenes Oxygenated compounds Phenols Alcohols Monoterpene alcohols Sesquiterpene alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Esters Lactones Coumarins Ethers Oxides

Моnoterpenoids (C10H16)  Аcyclic Linalool 2,6-Dimethyloctan Citronellal

Monocyclic monoterpenoids Monocyclic monoterpenoids Menthol N-menthan 1 methyl,4-I sopropilhexan Carvone1,4-Cineol1,8-Cineol

Bicyclic monoterpenes (types of carane, pinane, camphane, thujane) Bicyclic monoterpenes (types of carane, pinane, camphane, thujane) Thujane Sabinen Thujol Thujone Thujane type Camphane Camphene Borneol (-) Camphor Camphane type Pinane α-pinane β-pinane Pinane type Carane Carane type

Bornil isovalerianate

Sesquiterpenoids (C15H24)  Аcyclic  Monocyclic Farnesane Farnesene Farnesol Bisabolane Bisabolone Bisabolol

Bicyclic Bicyclic 1. Alkilnaphthalene type 2. Alkilazulene type Cadinane Cadinene Cadinol Selinane (evdesmane) α-Selinene β-Selinene Guaiane type GuaianeS-Guaiazylene Se-Guaiazylene Chamazulene type ChamazulaneChamazulene

3. Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids of other structure Azulane Akorane

Tricyclic sesquiterpenoids Sesquiterpene lactone Eudesmanolide type Guaianolide type Aromadendrane AlantolactoneSantonine Mathrycyne

Aromatic compounds p-Cymene type p-Cymene Thymol Carvacrol Phenylpropan type Anetole Evgenole Azarone Benzene type Anise aldehyde Vanillin Phenylehylic alcohol

Occurrence Essential oils are of wide occurrence in Nature. More than 2500 of plants can accumulate them. Tropical plants are rich in VO. Usually they occur in such families as Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Rosaceae. The content may rich up to 20% (Citrus fruits). Ether oils are produced by special exo- and endogenic organs.

Glands (fam. Lamiaceae) Essential oil reservoir (Eucalyptus globulus) Essential oil cells (Acoruc calamus) Glands (fam. Asteraceae) Essential oil tubes (ducts) (Foeniculum vulgare)

Methods of obtaining of volatile oils 1.Distillation in water and steam 2.Scarification and expression (pressing) 3.Extraction with solvents (Extraction with volatile solvents and the enfleurage) 4.Enzymatic hydrolysis

Clavenger apparatus (according to Sovet pharmacopeia XI) 1.A round bottom pyrex distillation 2.A receiver (trap) 3.A cork 4.A condenser (according to WHO, EuPh\ Xylen

ESSENTIAL OILS Allspice Aniseed Basil Bay Benzoin Bergamot Black pepper Cajuput Camomile Camphor Caraway Carrot seed Cassia Cedarwood Chamomile Cinnamon Citronella Clary sage Clove Coriander Cypress Dill Eucalyptus Fennel Frankincense Geranium Ginger Grapefruit Helichrysum Hyssop Jasmine Juniper Lavandin Lavender Lemon Lemongrass Lemon verbena Lime Mandarin Sandalwood Mandarin Sandalwood Marjoram Sage Melissa Spearmint Myrrh Tagetes Neroli Tangerine Niaouli Thyme Nutmeg Tea tree Orange Vetiver Palma rosa Ylang-ylang Patchouli Peppermint Petitgrain Pimento Pine Rose Rose geranium RosemarySage Melissa Spearmint Myrrh Tagetes Neroli Tangerine Niaouli Thyme Nutmeg Tea treeVetiverYlang-ylang Patchouli Peppermint Petitgrain Pimento Pine Rose Rose geranium Rosemary Rosewood

ESSENTIAL OILS NOT SOLD BY US Angelica Birch Bitter almond Boldo Buchu Calamus Cardamom Cumin Elemi Mugwort Mustard Oregano Pennyroyal Rose otto Rue Sassafras Spikenard Tansy Tarragon Savin Thuja Tuberose Vanilla Wintergreen Wormseed Wormwood Yarrow PRE-BLENDED FORMULAS Muscle & Joint Relaxation Sensual Anti-cellulite Circulation Hair & Scalp Dry & Mature Skin Insomnia Baby Vein & Artery Sunburn OTHER OILS Rosehip oil Baobab oil Marula oil Neem oil CARRIER OILS Almond oil Aloe vera oil Apricot kernel oil Avocado oil Calendula oil Evening primrose oil Grape seed oil Hazelnut oil Jojoba oil Macadamia oil Sesame oil Walnut oil Wheatgerm oil Almond oil Aloe vera oil Apricot kernel oil Avocado oil Calendula oil Evening primrose oil Grape seed oil Hazelnut oil Jojoba oil Macadamia oil Sesame oil Walnut oil Wheatgerm oil CARRIER OILS NOT SOLD BY US Olive oil Pumpkin seed oil Safflower oil Sunflower

MP and MPM containing monoterpenoids

Menthae piperitae folia Mentha piperita- Peppermint, Lamb mint, American mint, Brandy mint Lamiaceae   Constituents. Leaves contain up to 3.5% of ether oil and menthol is the main part- up to 80%; resin, tannins, acetic acid, etc.   Uses. Infusion stimulates the secretion of digestive glands, has sedative, spasmolitic, cholagogue and light pain-killing action. Volatile oil is part of Inhalipt, Corvaldin, Mint tablets, Tooth drops, Urolesan, Pinosol. Menthol is applied externally in solutions for the relief of neuralgic pains, and as antiseptic and cooling agent in certain skin diseases. Internally it is an antiseptic. It is part of Alorom, Boromentol, Gevkamen, Cameton, Camphomen, Zelenin’s Drops, Menovasin, Pectussin.

Salviae Folia Salvia officinalis- Sage Lamiaceae  Constituents. Up to 2.5% of a greyish-yellow volatile oil containing borneol, pinene, thujone and cineol, bitter principles, resin and tannins.  Uses. Sage is used chiefly as a condiment but is also employed as a carminative in dyspepsia, also has antiseptic, astringent action. Salvin works as plant antibiotic due to the content of diterpenes; is used in treatment of gingivitis and stomatitis.

Eucalypti Folia Folia Eucalypti viminalis Oleum Eucalypti Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus cinerea, Eucalyptus viminalis English names: Eucalyptus, Blue Gum leaves, Australian Fever Tree, Iron Bark Tree Myrtaceae

Coriandri Fructus Coriandrum sativum- Coriander Apiaceae  Constituents. Up to 1% of volatile oil containing coriandrol (d-linalool) and d-pinene, etc.; fixed oil, calcium oxalate, tannins.  Uses. Aromatic stimulant, has spasmolitic and antibacterial properties. It is part of appetising, cholagogue, expectorant and anti- haemorrhoidal species, infusion- part of Flora, ether oil is part of Espol (anti-inflammation and pain- killing drug).

Carvi Fructus Carum carvi L. Caraway Apiaceae  Constituents. Volatile oil (5- 7%), fixed oils, tannins, etc. The volatile oil contains carvone, limonene, dihydrocarvone, caryeol, and a small quantity of a base having a narcotic odour.  Uses. Stimulant, carminative, condiment, diuretic, diaphoretic and flavouring agent; source of oil of caraway. It is used in the food industry for flavouring bread, cheese and candy.

Juniperi Fructus Juniperus communis- Juniper, Horse Savin Berries Cupressaceae  Constituents. From 0.3 to 1.5% of a VO containing the terpenes camphene and x-pinene, a sesquiterpene called cadinene; terpene alcohols borneol, one of which is terpineol; resin, fixed oils, up to 30% of dextrose, etc. A crystalline substance deposits in the oil at low temperatures known as juniper camphor.  Uses. Juniper berries are used for the preparation of juniper oil. The juniper oil has diuretic, antireumatic and antiseptic properties. Used as stimulating diuretic in chronic genito- urinary disorders.

Valerianae radix Valeriana officinalis- Valerian, Wild, Great Wild, Cat’s Valerian Valerianaceae  Constituents. Volatile oil (up to 2%) containing bornyl isovalerianate, bornyl formiate, bornyl acetate and bornyl butyrate, camphene, borneol and pinene; two alkaloids- chatinine and valerianine, a glucoside, resin, α-methylpyrryl ketone, stated to be narcotic, valeric, formic and acetic acids, tannins, sugar, etc.  Uses. Valerian is used as a calmative in nervousness and hysteria and as a carminative. Preparations- Valerian fluid extract, Valerian tincture, Valocordinum, Corvalolum, as ingredient of Species Sedativae.

Lavandulae Flores Lavandula angustifolia L. Lamiaceae  Constituents. Up to 3% of VO containing esters, also linalool, geraniol, limonene and sesquiterpene; resin, tannins, etc.  Uses. Lavender flowers are chiefly used as a perfume. Livian has anti- inflammatory and pain- killing action and used to treat burns.

MP and MPM containing sesquiterpenoids

Calami Rhizomata Acorus calamus- Sweet Flag, Sweet Root Araceae  Constituents. Vo (1.5to 3.5%) containing asaryl aldehyde, eugenol and asarone; a bitter glucoside called acorin; soft resin, starch, inulin, etc.  Uses. Carminative, aromatic bitter and stimulant; flavouring agent. Used in atonic dyspepsia and colic. Vicalin, Vicair and Herbogastrin are used for the treatment of ulcers.

Betulae Gemmae Betulae Folia Betula pendula, Betula pubescens English name- Birch Betulaceae  Constituents. VO 5-8% with balsamic odour, contained bicyclical sesquiterpenoid betulen and alcohol betulenol.  Uses. Medicines have diuretic, diaphoretic, cholagogue, spasmolytic, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, wound-heeling and antihelmintic actions. Medicines- infusion, tincture, Propobesan.