Queen Elizabeth I – ( )  Ruled England for 45 years.  Nicknamed “the Virgin Queen” and produced no heir to the throne  Restored Protestantism and formalized the Church of England  During her reign, the economy was weakened by inflation, food shortages, and high rent.  Outbreak of the black plague, food riots, Catholic conspiracies, threats of invasion, etc.  During the Elizabethan Period, hundreds of people were convicted as witches and executed

King James I – ( )  Renamed Shakespeare’’s acting troupe “The King’s Men”  Believed in the supernatural and interested in witchcraft  Religious and believed in the existence of supernatural evil  Commissioned a translation of the bible from Latin to English  Published a book about witchcraft called “Demonologie“ in 1597

 Witches and witchcraft were a morbid fascination  Between , hundreds of people (nearly all women) were convicted as witches and executed  Witches could predict the future, bring on daytime and nighttime, cause fogs and storms, and change into animals  If convicted, people would be subjected to torture and death by hanging or burning at the stake  King James I was fascinated by witchcraft  Signs of possession were: trance, change of appearance, inability to pray, visions, disturbed behavior, lack of fear, indifference to life, and invitations to evil spirits to possess one’s body.  Shakespeare’s audience were religious Christians who believed in heaven and hell

The Plays  Early plays, 1590’s, were mainly comedy  Comedy (and this could be extended to most of Shakespeare's history plays as well) is social--leading to a happy resolution (usually a marriage or marriages) and social unification.  Shakespeare began to focus on tragedy/dramatic themes in the early 1600’s  Tragedy is individual, concentrating on the suffering of a single, remarkable hero-- leading to individual torment, waste and death  1608 marks a change in tone from tragedy to romance, light, magic, and reconciliation

Comedy of Errors 1592 The Taming of the Shrew Love's Labor's Lost Two Gentlemen of Verona A Midsummer Night's Dream The Merchant of Venice Much Ado About Nothing As You Like It Twelfth Night Merry Wives of Windsor Troilus and Cressida All's Well That Ends Well Measure for Measure

Titus Andronicus Romeo and Juliet Hamlet Othello The Tragedy of King Lear Macbeth Timon of Athens 1607-(?) Cymbeline The Winter's Tale Tempest

Henry VI parts I, II, III Richard III King John Richard II 1597-(?) King Henry IV part I, part II Henry V (1599) Julius Caesar Henry VIII 1613-(?) Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus

When in a play...  Only men were permitted to perform  Boys or effeminate men were used to play the women  Costumes were often the company’s most valuable asset  Costumes were made by the company, bought in London, or donated by courtiers

Staging Areas  Stage --  platform that extended into the pit  Dressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage  Second-level gallery & upper stage --  famous balcony scene in R & J  Trap door -  ghosts  “Heavens”-  angelic beings

English Theater  Plays were most often performed in outdoor theaters  Performances took place during the day so that the stage would be illuminated by natural light

The Globe Theater

THE GLOBE THEATER  Built in 1599  The most magnificent theater in London  Shakespeare was 1/5 owner  He earned 10% of the total profit, approximately £ a year  The Bard retired to Stratford and lived on the profits he earned from the Globe  June 19, 1613 the Globe burned to the ground during a performance of Henry VIII

The Globe Theater –  Many of Shakespeare’s plays were performed here  The stage was a large, rectangle that jutted out into the yard  Held 2,000-3,000 people tightly packed  An open playhouse with a wooden structure three stories high  It was shaped like a 16 sided polygon  General admission = 1 Penny entitled a spectator to be a “groundling”-someone who could stand in the yard.  More expensive seats were in the roofed galleries and most expensive seats were chairs set right on the stage along its two sides  Rebuilt in 1900’s

 Aristocrats  The Queen/King  The Groundlings!

Actors  Only men and boys allowed onstage  Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles  It would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage

Differences  No scenery  Settings > references in dialogue  Elaborate costumes  Plenty of props  Fast-paced, colorful>2 hours!

Spectators  Wealthy got benches  “Groundlings”>poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”)  All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate  Much more interaction than today

The Cost of a Show  1 shilling to stand  2 shillings to sit in the balcony  1 shilling was 10% of their weekly income  Broadway Today:  $85 Orchestra  $60 Balcony  10% of a teacher’s weekly salary

The Man That Would Be Shakespeare   Stratford-on-Avon, England  He wrote 37 plays & 154 sonnets  He started out as an actor

Background of the Bard  Born April, 1564 in Stratford on Avon  Parents John & Mary Shakespeare  Educated at Stratford Grammar School  Learned business as an apprentice for his father  Married Anne Hathaway November 28, 1582  She was 8 years his senior and 3 months pregnant when they married

Aristotle’s Definition of Tragedy  A man of high standard who falls from that high because of a tragic flaw that has affected many” ***Macbeth is one of the most famous examples of the tragic hero.

Prose  Ordinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song  Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays  Why do you suppose that is?

Did people really talk this way? Prose - language without metrical structure Verse - poetic language and style Blank Verse : unrhymed iambic pentameter. Iambic Pentameter : five beats of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables; ten syllables per line. 'So fair / and foul / a day / I have / not seen '

Shakespeare will be some of the most difficult reading you will ever attempt. BE PATIENT! Middle English vs. Modern English Reading Tips 1.Read the Introduction 2.Read everything twice 3.First time- try reading without looking at footnotes, mark any interesting or difficult items 4. Try reading aloud 5. Look up words you don’t know 6. Keep a list of characters

 Set in Scotland  Written for King James I (formerly of Scotland, now England)  Queen of Denmark (James’s sister) was visiting  Shakespeare researched The Chronicles – Banquo is an ancestor of King James I

“The Scottish Play”  It is believed to be bad luck to even squeak the word ‘ Macbeth ’ in a theatre  Legend has it you will lose all your friends involved in the production—horribly.  Since 1606, hundreds of actors, stage crew, etc. have been hurt or have died during the production of this play.  It is believed that Shakespeare included black magic spells in the incantations of the weird sisters.  People refer to this play as “the Scottish Play”  The only remedy to get rid of this curse is that the offender must step outside, turn around three times, spit, and whisper a foul word, and wait for permission to re-enter the theater.