2011 PRCST SUMMER INSTITUTE  JUNE 21-22, 2011 –  Looking at STEM Career areas  PITTSBURGH TISSUE ENGINEERING INITIATIVE  MCGOWAN INSTITUTE FOR REGENERTIVE MEDICINE  CCI, INC.  PHIPPS CONSERVATORY

OUR HEALTH  STEM Career areas  How to integrate STEM career information into the existing curriculum  Our Health: A relevant, current and existing area of engagement for students at all levels:  Disease/condition related  Injury related: accidents/wars/weather

STEM APPLICATIONS Tissue Engineering - Regenerative Medicine STEM Applications Science: Basic science research/experimentation Technology: Development of New Techniques Engineering: New Designs for Solving Problems Mathematics: Quantification Necessary for Components

GREEN DESIGN  Pa Energy History:  coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear  Fossil Fuel Impacts:  Economics, Environment. Health Energy Conservation: Materials, Designs, Economics, Impacts Energy Use -opportunities

PTEI T EACHER R ESEARCH  With content developed by science educators,  the PTEI Outreach Manual in Tissue Engineering  contains problem-based activities for middle-  and high-school students and  instructional/assessment information for  teachers.

I F A S TARFISH C AN G ROW A N EW A RM, W HY C AN ' T I?"  Regenerative medicine is a rapidly growing field  of biomedicine that seeks to create substitute  tissues and organs for the human body, to  repair or replace those whose function is lost  through illness, injury, aging or congenital  anomaly.

G ROWING A N EW A RM  It is widely accepted that regenerative medicine  is at the forefront of 21st century medical  research and represents a significant evolution  in medical treatment.

H ISTORY OF F OSSIL F UELS I N PA  Coal mining began in PA in the mid-1700s  PA was the 4 th largest coal producing state in the US  Two kinds of coal:  Anthracite – hard coal  Bituminous – soft coal  Production grew as population and steel demands

C OAL P RODUCTION  Over 10 million tons of bituminous coal mined in PA during the past 200years = ¼ of all coal ever mined in the US  40 Different layers of coal mined in PA  Layers from a few inches to over eight feet thick  75% of PA coal mined from five different beds  Long term effects – 2,400 miles of streams polluted by AMD

MINING IMPACTS  Accidents  Health – black lung, mine canaries (CO2- Methane)  Strikes – miners’ income, immigration  Mine Safety  Fuel Costs  Air pollution – soot, fine particles

OIL IN PA  The Drake Well – drilled in northwestern PA in 1859  Began an international search for petroleum  Changed the way we live  Early use of oil from seeps  Medicinal  Lamp fuel  Machinery lubrication

WHY TITUSVILLE?  Many active oil seeps in the area  Early wells drilled had struck oil  Wells drilled looking for salt water  Looking for drinking water Oil was considered a nuisance Drake’s investment money ran out- and due to other random drilling – the well lasted only a few months before burning to the ground.

IMPACT OF OIL IN PA  Oil regions of PA important in the early days  PA was responsible for ½ of the WORLD’S production of oil until the East Texas oil Boom of 1901  The first great flowing well was on Funk Farm completed in 1861  3,000 barrels per day and more flooding the market  Oil prices at 10 cents a barrel

WHY OIL IN PA?  Hundreds of millions of years ago – northwestern PA was a shallow sea.  Alternating layers of sand and mud trapped oil – after millions of years of burial, heat and pressure – turned into rock.  Stratigraphic Traps accumulate oil due to changes of rock character.

NATURAL GAS  Naturally occurring gas was discovered and identified in America as early as 1626  Drake hit oil and natural gas at 69 feet before the Earth’s surface  Most characterize this well as the beginning of the gas industry in America  A 2-inch diameter pipeline ran 51/2 miles from the well to Titusville, PA

USE OF NATURAL GAS  Early natural gas was used for lighting  In 1885, Robert Bunsen created a device that mixed natural gas with air – so it could be used for cooking and heating.  Once transportation became possible, new u ses were discovered.  First regulated in the US in 1938

HOW MUCH IS THERE?  There is an abundance of natural gas in No. America – but it is a non –renewable resource  It is difficult to get a definite answer as to how much natural gas actually exists.  Most of the natural gas found in No. America is concentrated in relatively distinct geographical areas.  With the onset of shale production significant resource has increased. With PA a lead state.

ENERGY CONSERVATION  To counter the environmental impacts of fossil fuels, many levels of energy conservation have emerged.  Material Design  Structural Design  Individual efforts  Corporate efforts