1 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Course (3) Technical Basics - 3 Circuits

2 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Tuned Circuits Recall that the Reactance of Inductors and Capacitors relates to their ‘reaction time’ to store/release energy when AC is applied Radios depend on the concept of tuned circuits. Tuned circuits are built from combinations of Inductors and Capacitors which have a self-resonant frequency At resonance their combined Impedance is either extremely high or low depending on the circuit configuration Tuned circuits are thus able to selectively pass or block frequencies in transmitters, receivers and antennas They are the basis of tuners, filters, oscillators, traps, ATUs etc.

3 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Tuned Circuits - 2 Tuned circuits are based on combinations of Inductors and capacitors that have a resonant frequency There are Two Basic Combinations – Series and Parallel Note that increasing the values of L or C reduce the resonant frequency and vice-versa Parallel Tuned:- Rejects Current at Resonance LC Series Tuned:- Accepts Current at Resonance L C

4 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Parallel Rejector Circuit At DC and low frequencies, current flows through the inductor (whilst the high reactance capacitor blocks current) At high frequencies the Inductor reactance will become high, but the capacitor will then be low reactance and let current flow At Resonant Frequency they react in time against each other and block current/power flow with High Impedance, Z Parallel Tuned Z of Circuit Frequency Current through Circuit Frequency

5 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Series Acceptor Circuit At DC and low frequencies the capacitor blocks current due to its high reactance At high frequencies the Inductors reactance will be high and block current, despite the capacitor having low reactance At Resonant Frequency they mutually react in time with each other and permit current to flow with Low Impedance, Z Series Tuned Current through Circuit Frequency Z of Circuit Frequency

6 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Application of a Rejector Use of a pair of high-impedance rejectors, also known as Traps can enable a Dipole antenna to operate at two frequencies Termed a Trap Dipole At Frequency-2 the high impedance of the traps isolates the end of the dipole, effectively shortening it Frequency 1 Frequency 2

7 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits In a Power Supply fewer turns on the Secondary coil steps down AC Mains to a lower level (or steps it up if it had more turns) Diodes convert this to DC, which is smoothed by Capacitors NB: Full-wave rectifiers use more diodes to ease smoothing Power Supplies Diodes rectify to give DC Conversion Transform Mains AC to lower Voltage Primary Secondary Capacitors Store Energy and Smooth Waveform, but may still leave some ripple

8 Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Intermediate Licence Course Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 4: v2.0, 25-May-2009 (3) Technical Basics -3: Circuits Power Efficiency Circuits consume more power than they output. Nothing is 100% efficient, and the waste is dissipated as heat. Example: The output power of a linear RF Power Amplifier is less than the DC input power due to such inefficiency – it may only be 20-30% efficient. Thus a 50W linear PA may also generate 100W of heat, and will need a total of 150W from a power supply Ambient and Internal Temperatures and Sound Mechanical Construction can therefore be key factors in Circuit Reliability and Stability