The Particle Therapy Cancer Research Institute is a member of the 4 th April 2013, PASI Workshop, RAL Ken Peach John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science & Particle Therapy Cancer Research institute University of Oxford PAMELA Follow up?

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford OutlineOutline The PAMELA conceptual design Limitations and challenges Summary

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Depth (mm) Dose (%) Depth Dose curves – x-rays & electrons MV x-rays 20MV electron 60 Co x-rays 200kV x-rays

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford SOBP Pristine peak Depth (mm) Dose (%) tumour Depth Dose curves – photon and proton MV x-rays

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Photons, Protons and Carbon

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Parameters

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford FFAG’S

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford EMMA The World’s First non-Scaling FFAG S Machida et al

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford EMMA lattice After Rob Edgecock

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford PAMELA

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Issues –Injection & extraction –Acceleration –Alignment EMMA-like ns-FFAG machine Keil, Sessler & Trbojevic

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford From EMMA to PAMELA The EMMA lattice Doublet structure –Focus and Defocus Dense lattice –Little space between magnets Lots of RF Acceleration –Almost every other cell From EMMA to PAMELA F D F D F The PAMELA lattice Triplet structure –Focus, Defocus, Focus Less Dense lattice –Long straight sections Less of RF Acceleration –Larger cavities –Lower frequencies Larger radius Ken Peach (PTCRi, Oxford) Physics, Accelerators and Cancer 12 From Doublet to Triplet

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford THE PAMELA CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Overview Carbon source & injection Proton source & injection Carbon ring Transfer line Extraction ~12m Proton ring

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford C From scaling to PAMELA

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Scaling restoration ScalingRectangular & parallel

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Final Cell Tunes

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Stability Regions

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford PAMELA Layout

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford PAMELA: ring overview Ring #1 (p, c)Ring #2 (c) Energy30~250MeV (p) 8~68MeV/u (c) 68~400MeV/u # of Cell12 Diameter12.5m18.4m K-value3841 Orbit excursion18cm21cm Rev. freq1.94~4.62MHz(p) 0.98~2.69MHz(c) 1.92~3.91MHz MagnetTriplet(FDF), SC length57cm113cm aperture25cm33cm Long Drift1.3m1.2m Packing factor Inj./Ext1turn inj/ext 2 LD (each) 1turn inj/ext 2 LD (each RFMax 8 LD Stable betatron tune ∆ <0.1 Long straight section (~1.3m) Small beam excursion(<20cm) Strong field (max 3.5T)  SC magnet High repetition rate(~1kHz) is a big challenge Carbon ring Proron ring Injector(p): cyclotron Injector(c): RFQ+LINAC scaling PAMELA

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Acceleration

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Details – Ring Magnet

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Double-Helix Principle Current density: Helix 1Helix 2 Double-helix coil: Smart way of creating a cosine-theta magnet Main advantage for PAMELA: No coil end problem + Double-Helix

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford High field quality Patent GB

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Kicker Magnets

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Septum Magnets

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Ring-to-Ring transfer line

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Ion sources Carbon RFQ Parameters E-field frequency 200MHz E I 8 keV/u E f 382 keV/u Transmission 75% RFQ length 2.4m Electrode potential 80 kV

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford FFAG Beam Transport DFFD 0.2m 3.6m 5m

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Beam Transport Horizontal Vertical

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Gantry Design

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford PAMELA STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES What to do next (if possible)

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford InjectionInjection Winkelmann et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 02A

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Generic problem –Non-relativistic to relativistic transition Isochronous – large aperture magnets? Variable frequency – typically factor 3 Ideally would like a HV capacitor –Induction cavity? –Solid State? RFRF beam

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Is there a mapping from circular to elliptical? Probably not for pure dipole … but for multipole? MagnetsMagnets

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Elliptical Double-Helix? + + x r  x r  ? I think that Is this a theorem?

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Two rings –Ugly –Expensive Can it be done with one ring? –Magnets – at the limit Constraints –Low packing factor  »Magnetic length/total length »Constrained by magnetic field strength –Small number of cells »Orbit excursion  1/(number of cells) »Constrained by magnetic field strength Lattice?Lattice?

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford NEW LATTICE IDEAS? From Ring to Racetrack?

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Lattice - racetrack D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Lattice - racetrack D FF D FF D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Lattice - racetrack D FF D FF D FF D FF D FF D FF D FF D FF PAMELA Arcs FFAG Beam Transport Matching Injection/extraction RF D FF D FF

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Arc Lattice D FF D F F D FF D F F D F F D F F D F F D FF D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D FF D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F Increase  ? Larger  p/p? but low  preferred

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Arc Lattice D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D F F D D D D D D F D F D Triplet or doublet? –EMMA-like cell? Matching from FDF or DF to DFFD (or FDDF)? but alignment sensitivity

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Assume –6m straight sections –24m arcs 60m circumference  at injection/extraction –0.25/0.61 (proton) –0.13/0.73 (carbon) revolution injection/extraction –1.25 MHz / 3.1 MHz (proton) –0.65 MHz / 3.5 MHz (carbon) RF duty factor > 81% multi-bunch RFRF

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford Gantry with a range of settings in the 90  bend –i.e. set once per patient? –Very energy then x & y? En ergy the fastest variable “Banana shaped” trajectories through the tumour –“only software” … or Fast sweeping magnets to compensate Gantry Development? Iso-centre Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 1 m A B C C Beam Shaping and Scanning FFAG Transport

PAMELA & related ideas, University of Huddersfield 12 th April Ken Peach, JAI & PTCRi, Oxford PAMELA Conceptual Design –“Proof of Principle” on paper –Main weaknesses ion source(can be fixed … known technology) RF(common problem for low E ions) Gantry(sketch solution, but needs work) Lattice(two rings – expensive, esp. carbon) –Possible new lattice “Racetrack” configuration matching from arcs to long straights? alignment sensitivity? orbit excursion? Anyone interested in leading? SummarySummary