1A,4A,4C

 Jim Crow Laws  Poll tax  Literacy tests  Grandfather clause  Booker T. Washington  W.E.B. DuBois  Ida B. Wells  Las Gorras Blancas

 Southern governments enacted laws to segregate blacks and whites

 15 th amendment was SUPPOSED to grant all men the rights to vote  BUT ◦ Poll tax: tax to vote, poor people could not pay so they could not vote ◦ Literacy test: reading comprehension tests ◦ Grandfather Clause: if your grandfather could vote then you could  Allowed poor whites the ability to still vote  As a result, black voter registration in the south plummeted

 Jim Crow Laws  Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) ◦ Upheld constitutionality of Jim Crow Laws ◦ “Separate but Equal” doesn’t violate 14 th amendment

Booker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBois  Accommodate to segregation  Called for “gradual progress”  Atlanta Compromise speech  Tuskegee Institute  Criticized Washington  Demanded IMMEDIATE equality  Niagara Movement  NAACP 1909

 African America teacher that spoke out against lynching  Used newspaper articles

 Perceived threat that Chinese were taking jobs  Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act ◦ Prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country  Chinese used the court system to sue for their rights

 Many lost land they had been granted at the end of the Mexican American War ◦ They couldn’t prove that it was actually theirs ◦ Had no federal representation in Congress  Fighting Back ◦ Los Gorras Blancas  Targeted land of big ranchers  Cut holes in barbed wire

GainsSet Backs  Improved education  Organized activists groups ◦ Women’s Christian Temperance Union  Pushed Prohibition ◦ National Women’s Suffrage Association  Susan B. Anthony  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  Didn’t get a Constitutional Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote

1b, 6bc

 Spoils system  Civil service  Pendleton Civil Service Act  Gold Standard

 Party loyalties were equally divided ◦ No group gained control  Presidents of Gilded Age are seen as WEAK ◦ Won by small margins ◦ Lacked integrity  Most Noteworthy President of the Period ◦ Grover Cleveland  Known for his integrity

 Lots of political corruption during the time ◦ Dishonest politicians  Political Cartoonists raise an alarm to the corruption  Thomas Nast: one the most famous cartoonists of the time ◦ Disliked Boss Tweed  Party Boss of the Political Machine, Tammany Hall

 Politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party workers-not based on their merit ◦ Kept the parties powerful  President Garfield is assassinated as a result of not giving in to patronage ◦ Chester Arthur steps up as President and passes….  Pendleton Civil Service Act ◦ Must take an exam to prove merit for government job ◦ Slowed down patronage

TariffMonetary Policy ◦ A tax on imported goods ◦ Makes locally made goods cheaper ◦ Republicans  High tariff: promote industry and jobs ◦ Democrats  Low tariff: increased costs of goods to consumers and American farmers can’t sell their goods abroad  Gold Standard vs Bimetallism  Gold: money is backed by the gold we have  Minting Silver: would cause inflation ◦ Too much money in circulation ◦ Causes a rise in prices

5a, 5b

 Falling Prices & Rising Debt ◦ Crop prices plummeted  Cost more to produce than they could sell them for ◦ Cost of doing business rose  Went in debt to pay for machinery, seed, livestock, etc  Big Business Practices ◦ Blame was on  Railroads: charging too much for freight  Banks: charging too high interest rates

 The Grange ◦ Oliver H. Kelley ◦ Goals  Providing education on new farming techniques  Regulation of railroad rates  Regulation of grain elevator rates ◦ Some states pass “Grange Laws”  Set maximum freight charges and elevator storage  Prompted Congress to establish the ICC

 Farmer’s Alliance ◦ Formed cooperatives to sell crops ◦ Called for “sub- treasuries”  Low interest banks

 AKA The People’s Party ◦ New political party from the grass roots up ◦ Farmers  Goals ◦ End political corruption ◦ Increase the money supply  Free coinage of silver ◦ Government ownership of railroads

 1893 Depression ◦ Worsened conditions for farmers  1896 Election ◦ William Jennings Bryan runs as the Democrat  Ran with the Populist Goals  “Cross of Gold” speech ◦ William McKinley ran as Republican  Cast Bryan as a potential dictator  Supported the Gold Standard  Won the election

 Populism declined but the Progressives’ pushed many Populist goals ◦ Graduated income tax ◦ Regulation of the railroads ◦ More flexible monetary system