Principles and Practices of Management and Organizational Behavior

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Presentation transcript:

Principles and Practices of Management and Organizational Behavior Prof. Mrunal Belsare

Classical School Scientific Management Classical School Administrative management Bureaucracy

Behavioral Approach to Management Human Relation Approach:- Primary objective is to examine and analyze the impact of the human factor towards more effective management. Behavioral science approach:-Extension, modification and refinement of human relation approach.

THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS 4/23/2017 Human Relations Movement Human Relation Approach THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS - Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant - Chicago U.S.A. To study relationship between level of lighting in the work-place and workers productivity. ‘Hawthorne effect’ Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) The Hawthorne Effect: The possibility that workers who receive special attention will perform better simply because they received that attention.

Out come of Hawthorne Experiment Illumination experiments(reduction of light):-Researchers could not come to any conclusion as to effect on lighting on production but realized certain human factor were at work. Rely assembly test room studies(changes wages and incentives):- these changes were not responsible for increased efficiency but attitude toward work, sense of belongingness were responsible for increases in productivity Mass interviewing:- Instead of asking question an opportunity to talk freely.

Contribution of Hawthrone experiment An organization is a Social system with a culture of its own Informal groups have serious impact on workers productivity. There are conflicts between organization and individuals . Friendly supervision has a favorable influence on human efficiency at work. Free flow of communication can make good human relation.

Behavioural Science Approach Extension, modification and refinement of human relation approach. Behavioural Science Approach recommends a study of behavioural science (like psychology ,industrial psychology , sociology) For understanding the human behaviour at work and applying theories for moulding human behaviour in desired manner.

Elements of Behavioral Science Approach An organization is a Social system in addition to being a physical –technical system. An individual joining the organization brings to work place his needs values beliefs, attitude and qualities. Informal groups have their unwritten rules. Motivation have effect on human behaviour at work Democratic leadership involved friendly supervision. Two way communication. Involvement of worker in decision making.

Modern Approach System Approach Contingency or situational approach Management Science approach

System- definition A system might be defined as one whole, consisting of parts(each part being known as a sub-system within the bigger system); parts which are interrelated or interdependent are arranged in a particular order according to some definite scheme, making for the whole. A system is defined as an organised, unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts, components, or subsystems and delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental suprasystem.”

Environment A D B E Sub-systems C System Approach Environment 4/23/2017 Environment A D B E Sub-systems C System Approach Environment

THE SYSTEM APPROACH SYSTEM APPROACH Concepts:- Subsystems Synergy 4/23/2017 SYSTEM APPROACH THE SYSTEM APPROACH Concepts:- Subsystems Synergy Open and close systems System Boundary Flow Feedback

The two conceptual features of system Each system is separated from the environment by a bounday; which may be actual or imaginary. The term system is characterised by the “synergy effect” i.e. a particular subsystem in itself, is less powerful; but when all the sub-systems combine and the function in a coordinated manner, these become very powerful.

Classification of system On the basis of interaction of system with its environment; systems may be – Closed system Open system Note: closed system do not interact with the environment; while open system interact with the environment

According to modern management authorities, no system is absolutely open or absolutely closed. Even the most closed system is a bit open; and the most open system is a bit closed. Therefore, instead of classifying systems into absolutely open or closed categories; we must speak, in terms of the degrees to which a system is open or closed.

THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH 4/23/2017 THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH Situational Approach It depends upon what – in what way To identify which technique will, in particular situation, under particular circumstances and at a particular time – best contribute to the attainment of goals. Environmental variable are called as ‘ifs’ of management and management principles and technique of management are called ‘then’ of management so situational approach is also called as ‘if-then ‘approach.

Management Science approach Management Science approach:- Also called as mathematical or quantitative approach. Historical aspects:-After world war II U.S.A. & U.K governments undertaken applied science research for developing optimal decision about deployment of military resources. Management Science approach is that approach to management which aims at achieving a high degree of precision and objectivity by making use of mathematical and statistical devices for finding optimal solution to complex business problem.

Behavioural Approach to Management Human Relation Approach THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS Behavioural science approach Modern Approach System Approach Contingency or situational approach Management Science approach