Chapter 22 – Progressives and Reformers Section 5 – Fighting for Equality

African Americans Review: –Immediately after Reconstruction ended, did African American legal rights in the south get better or worse? –Jim Crow laws? African Americans in the north also faced prejudice: –Landlords in white neighborhoods would not rent to blacks –Many hotels and restaurants would not serve blacks –Hired only for low-paying jobs Depression of 1893 threw many people out of work –Unemployed whites took out their anger on black people –In the 1890s alone, lynch mobs murdered more than 1,000 black people

African Americans, continued Ida B. Wells – African American journalist for Free Speech. She publicized shocking statistics about lynching. Urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride street cars or shop in white- owned stores. She received death threats but that did not stop her. Booker T. Washington – –Born into slavery –Taught himself to read –1881 – founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama – a center for black higher education –Urged living in peace with whites –Suggested blacks learn trades and earn money as a way to get power that would eventually lead to political and social equality –Segregation was fine to him –Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller donated money for him to open trade schools for black students –Several presidents asked his advice on racial issues

African Americans, continued W.E.B. Du Bois – –Professor, author, public speaker –1895 – he was first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University –Agreement with Washington: “thrift, patience and industrial training” –Disagreement with Washington: Urged blacks to actively fight discrimination –1909 – along with Jane Addams, Lincoln Steffens, and other reformers, he founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP. Both black and white members of the NAACP worked to gain equal rights for African Americans

African Americans, continued Most Progressives did not think about the problems of African Americans –When black soldiers were accused of rioting in Brownsville, TX, TR ordered that the whole regiment be dishonorably discharged –President Wilson ordered the segregation of black and white government workers. That encouraged hotels, restaurants and stores in DC to enforce segregation George Washington Carver discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts and other crops. His writings about crop rotation changed farming practices. Sarah Walker, better known as Madame C.J. Walker created hair care products for African American women. She became the first American woman to earn over $1 million

Quick Review – Take out your notecards Who urged African Americans to actively fight discrimination? Who was the journalist? Who wrote about crop rotation? Who founded the Tuskegee Institute? A.Booker T. Washington B.Ida B. Wells C.George Washington Carver D.W.E.B. Du Bois

Mexican Americans 1910 – Revolution and famine swept Mexico (from our study of push and pull factors, what can we predict from this?) Thousands of Mexicans came into the American southwest. –Many worked in the fields harvesting crops –Some built highways + dug irrigation ditches –Some lived in shacks next to RRs; some in cities –Mexicans created ethnic neighborhoods (?) called barrios Need for mutual aid –Nativists (?) responded with violence and often attacked citizens as well as newcomers –Mexican Americans formed mutualistas, mutual aid groups, that collected money to buy insurance, pay for legal advice, and give money to the sick

Native Americans and Asian Americans Society of American Indians – set up by a new generation of Native American leaders in early 1900s. Worked for social justice and to educate other Americans about Indian life. After Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Chinese population slowly went down Americans on West Coast looking for cheap labor continued looking in Asia. More than 100,000 Japanese entered the US in the early 1900s. Farmers and workers in lumber mills and mines. –1906 – San Francisco School Board put the city’s 93 Asian students in a separate school. Japan protested this as an insult. –Gentlemen’s Agreement – Agreement between TR and Japan Asian children go to regular schools Japan agreed to lower the number of Japanese workers coming to US TR agreed to let wives of Japanese men already in US to come here

Take out notecards What organization worked for social justice for Native Americans and to educate other Americans about their life? The deal that TR worked out with Japan to restrict the number of Japanese workers coming to US. Mexican ethnic neighborhoods A Mexican American organization designed to help Mexican Americans? A.Barrios B.Mutualistas C.Society of American Indians D.Gentleman’s Agreement