How producers and consumers are connected! obtaining ENERGY RADIANT ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY AND THERMAL ENERGY

Energy Pyramid (Another way to look at a food chain)

Energy decreases as you move through a food chain/up an energy pyramid. Why does the amount of energy decrease? Each species in the food chain/ pyramid uses most of the energy it receives for growth, movement or to create body heat. This means the energy is 'lost' (not available to be passed on to the next species up.) The species at the top of the pyramid/ food chain only receives a fraction of the energy that started at the bottom of the food chain.

ONLY 10 PERCENT OF THE ENERGY OF THAT LEVEL IS AVAILABLE FOR THE NEXT LEVEL UP! Energy Pyramid (10 PERCENT RULE)

90 PERCENT OF THE ENERGY OF THAT LEVEL IS USED FOR THE ORGANISM TO LIVE AND RELEASED AS HEAT! Energy Pyramid (90 PERCENT LOST AS HEAT)

Energy Pyramid (Another way to look at a food chain) Why are energy pyramids shaped the way they are? An energy pyramid’s shape shows how the amount of useful energy that enters each level — chemical energy in the form of food — decreases as it is used by the organisms in that level. How does this happen? Recall that cell respiration “burns” food to release its energy, and in doing so, produces ATP, which carries some of the energy as well as heat, which carries the rest. ATP is then used to fuel countless life processes (ex. moving, thinking). The consequence is that even though a lot of energy may be taken in at any level, the energy that ends up being stored there – which is the food available to the next level — is far less. Scientists have calculated that an average of 90% of the energy entering each step of the food chain is “lost” this way (although the total amount in the system remains unchanged). The consumers at the top of a food pyramid, as a group, thus have much less energy available to support them than those closer to the bottom. That’s why their numbers are relatively few in most communities. Eventually, the amount of useful energy left can’t support another level. That’s why energy flow is depicted in the shape of a pyramid. The energy that enters a community is ultimately lost to the living world as HEAT. We say 10 percent is available for the next level up.