Chapter 2: Nuclear Chemistry A. Fusion B. Nuclear binding energy/Mass defect/binding energy per nucleon C. Neutron & electron capture D. Radioactive decay.

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Chapter 2: Nuclear Chemistry A. Fusion B. Nuclear binding energy/Mass defect/binding energy per nucleon C. Neutron & electron capture D. Radioactive decay ( , positron emission,  )-Belt of stability. E. Nuclear fission (chain reaction, critical mass) F. Artificial isotopes/elements (accelerators) G. Measurement of radioactivity H. Biological effects of radioactivity (medical uses and radon) I. Radiochemical dating J. Review of composition of Universe.

Fusion of Hydrogen This is a multistep process Step 1: H ---> 2 1 H e (positron) Step 2 : 1 1 H H ---> 3 2 He Step 3: He ---> 4 2 He H Note need 2 of steps 1 and 2 to generate enough He for the last step. positrons eventually collide with 0 -1 e (electrons) destroying each other to produce energy in the form of gamma (  ) rays.

Fusion of Heavier Elements in Larger Stars 2 1 d  --> 6 3 Li (stable isotope)  --> 8 4 Be (but rapidly decays...) Still may see 8 4 Be  --> 12 6 C (stable) More collisions ---> heavier nuclei. Dense Centers of large stars (~10 9 K) kinetic energy can overcome electrostatic repulsion to fuse nuclei up to Fe. Cannot go any farther with fusion.