Phoenicians

History of Lebanon  2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Warriors  Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdoms  New people moved into the regions  2 Centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, Babylonian empire fell to Nomadic Warriors  Fertile Crescent broke into small kingdoms  New people moved into the regions

Phoenician Location  P resent day Lebanon  33.50º North  35.50º East  Popular cities:  Tyre  Byblos  Sidon  P resent day Lebanon  33.50º North  35.50º East  Popular cities:  Tyre  Byblos  Sidon

Geography  Narrow coastal planes  Beeka Valley separates  Borders Israel & Syria  Narrow coastal planes  Beeka Valley separates  Borders Israel & Syria

Climate  Mediterranean  Mild to cool  Wet winters  Dry, hot summers  Mountains  heavy rain & snow  Mediterranean  Mild to cool  Wet winters  Dry, hot summers  Mountains  heavy rain & snow

Resources  Snails - most valuable dye  60,000 snails to 1 pound  Cedar trees- hard, usable wood  Snails - most valuable dye  60,000 snails to 1 pound  Cedar trees- hard, usable wood

Wealth from Trade  Purple dye  Cedar trees  Purple dye  Cedar trees

Relying on Trade  Cedar is other valuable resource  Relied on Trade  Traded goods from other lands  Own colonies too  Competed with other city-states  Interacted through trade

Excellence in Sailing  Desired trade  Traveled Mediterranean Coasts  Narrow, single sailed vessels with longs oars

Colonies  BCE, founded trading colonies  300 cities in Africa’s Med. Coast  Carthage was greatest

The Alphabet  Only 22 symbols  First appeared around 900 BCE  Passed on to other cities  Many common people could master  Literacy became widespread

Culture  Shared & collected ideas  Purple dye for royalty  Based on trade & ships  Alphabet  Shared & collected ideas  Purple dye for royalty  Based on trade & ships  Alphabet

Technology & Tools  Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars  Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians  Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory  Boats: single-sailed vessels with long oars  Alphabet: started with the Phoenicians  Weapons, cloth, wine, slaves, glass, and ivory

Peace and War  Peaceful society  Focused on trade  Peaceful society  Focused on trade

Law & Order  Hierarchy Status  “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.”  Alphabet & Laws  Hierarchy Status  “Kings and Priests still had much more power of the trades.”  Alphabet & Laws

Social Status  King + Priests  Wealthy Commoners  Free Commoners  Slaves  Typical Social Status  King + Priests  Wealthy Commoners  Free Commoners  Slaves  Typical Social Status

Summary  Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area  Invented alphabet  Started the importance of sailing  Created the royal purple color  Most powerful traders in Mesopotamia area  Invented alphabet  Started the importance of sailing  Created the royal purple color

Fun Facts  Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands  Traded- anything and everything believed valuable  “Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”  Purple dye- made from the squeezing of 60,000 smelly snail glands  Traded- anything and everything believed valuable  “Later, Carthage rivaled Rome in power.”

Location  Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan  It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea  Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel  Phoenicia was centered in the north of ancient Canaan  It was a coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea  Modern Day Lebanon, Syria, Palestinian Territories and Israel

Important cities  Arvad  Byblos  Berytus  Sidon  Tyre  Caesarea  Arvad  Byblos  Berytus  Sidon  Tyre  Caesarea  Tripoli  Baalbek  Carthage  Tripoli  Baalbek  Carthage

Government  Individual city-states  Each city-state had an independent government  The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power  Individual city-states  Each city-state had an independent government  The king, the temple priests, and the council of wealthy merchants were the main sources of power

religion  They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states  Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life  They worshipped gods and goddesses sacred to specific city-states  Each god and goddess represented a different aspect of life

 The men had control over the family  Men could sell their wives or the children to pay off debts  Women were held high in the family  Only priests and scribes could read and write

Economic system  They had a trade-based economy  Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island  Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive  They had a trade-based economy  Their main good was a purple dye derived from snails found on the Tyre island  Due to the dye’s scarcity and the time in which it took to make, it became very expensive

Economic system  They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast  They also traded:  Wine  Glass  Timber  Olive oil  Precious metals  They established trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast  They also traded:  Wine  Glass  Timber  Olive oil  Precious metals

Social classes King Merchant aristocrats Businessmen, craftsmen, dealers, shopkeepers, entrepreneurs Normal working men Slaves

Cultural Development  Spoke a Semitic language  A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization  Were skilled architects  Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples  Spoke a Semitic language  A seagoing culture where trade was the center of civilization  Were skilled architects  Wealthy trading towns whose centers were the temples

City Structure  Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast  Temple was the center of the city  Built buildings up to 6 stories high  Urban, small trading towns along the Mediterranean coast  Temple was the center of the city  Built buildings up to 6 stories high

Rights of slaves  Laws protected slaves from mistreatment  Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom  A freed slave could reach high office in the community  Laws protected slaves from mistreatment  Slaves could earn their own money, purchase property, and own their own freedom  A freed slave could reach high office in the community

Rights of women  No evidence of polygamy  In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions  Had fundamental rights  Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs  No evidence of polygamy  In the case of divorce, the woman was given her possessions  Had fundamental rights  Women could press charges, make trading contracts, invest in trading, and adopt heirs

Technology  The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in:  shipbuilding  pottery  iron-working  literature  alphabet  The Phoenician Empire had many advancements in:  shipbuilding  pottery  iron-working  literature  alphabet

Phoenician alphabet  First appeared around 900 B.C.  Made an alphabet with 22 symbols  The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols  First appeared around 900 B.C.  Made an alphabet with 22 symbols  The Greeks adopted the alphabet and added 4 symbols

Human-environment interactions  Phoenicia’s location on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions  Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items  Phoenicia’s location on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea enabled trade with other coastal regions  Also, Phoenicia’s lack of natural resources encouraged its people to trade goods for necessary items

 Phoenicians were never interested in conquest  They focused on autonomy and trade  Became the naval and trading power in the region

cooperation  The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks  Established strategic commercial trading outposts  They chose peace over war but were defensive  The Phoenicians initial trading partners were the Greeks  Established strategic commercial trading outposts  They chose peace over war but were defensive

 They were successively conquered by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans  The rise of Greece destroyed Phoenicia’s eastern Mediterranean trade routes

conflict  The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power  Phoenicians retreated to Carthage  There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars  The Persians then conquered the Phoenicians because of the loss of trade power  Phoenicians retreated to Carthage  There they prospered until the were destroyed by Romans in the Punic Wars

Fall of Phoenicia  The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia.  Over time all of the city states were conquered  Phoenicia and its culture disappeared  It later became Syria  The Phoenician empire fell when Alexander the Great defeated Persia.  Over time all of the city states were conquered  Phoenicia and its culture disappeared  It later became Syria

Summary  They failed to use all of their elements of national power  They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders  They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations  They failed to use all of their elements of national power  They succeeded economically, but did not use their wealth to protect their own borders  They made contributions which were fundamental in future civilizations

Technology The Alphabet, Bireme, and Glass

The Alphabet  First used Cuneiform  Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE  Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading  First used Cuneiform  Began using alphabet around 1050 BCE  Quicker to learn and easier to use for trading

Bireme  Ships important to Phoenician society  Made improvements on Unireme to make the Bireme  1 st appeared in 8 th century BCE  Ships important to Phoenician society  Made improvements on Unireme to make the Bireme  1 st appeared in 8 th century BCE

Glass  Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally  Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically  Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule  Egyptians first to use glass beads, produced naturally  Phoenicians developed techniques make it artifically  Developed even better technique, glass-blowing, under Roman rule

Economy Maritime Trade, Trade Empire, Exports

Maritime Trade  Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports  Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage  Most of trade conducted across Mediterranean Sea at ports  Many colonies became trade centers, such as Carthage

Trade Empire  Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between BCE  Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this  Phoenicians controlled trade around Mediterranean between BCE  Many city-states continued to be predominant powers long after this

Exports  Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder  Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells  Trading Partners with Greece  Traded slaves, wood, glass and purple powder  Main Export: Tyrian Purple powder  Manufactured in Sarepta and Mogador from the Murex snail shells  Trading Partners with Greece  Traded slaves, wood, glass and purple powder

Human-Environment Interaction The Sea, Dyes

The Sea The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region The Phoenicians were particularly good when it came to the sea Because of this they became a strong naval and trading power of the region

Dyes  The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for:  Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees  Blues- African indigos  Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells  The Phoenicians became famous and wealthy for their dyes, specifically for:  Reds- from kermes, tiny bugs that live in oak trees  Blues- African indigos  Royal Purple- most famous and important, came from the Murex sea-snail's shells

Important Individuals The Kings of the Phoenicians

 Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire  Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire  Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas  Many kings stood out in the Phoenician empire  Hiram I – developed the city Tyre into one of the most important cities of the Phoenician empire  Ithobal I – expanded much of the Phoenician empire and established colonies overseas

Kings (cont.)  Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians  Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire  Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean  Elulaios – Assyria captured Tyre under his riegn but he headed many revolts against the Assyrians  Baal-Eser II – was ruler when Phoenicia was at its height of influence and exceeded any other empire  Pygmalion – built the colonies Kition, Cyprus, and Carthage also shifted Phoenicia’s trade from the middle east to the Mediterranean

Social Instiutions Religion and Sciences, Government

Religion and Sciences  The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods  They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers.  They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s  The Phoenicians were polytheists and they built many temples to worship their gods  They were also great administrators, accountants, and engineers.  They built the first temple in Jerusalem in the mid-900’s

Government  The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control:  First came the kings  Followed by the temple and the priests  And finally the councils of elders  The Phoenicians had three different power bases to maintain control:  First came the kings  Followed by the temple and the priests  And finally the councils of elders

Conflicts Early Wars, The Punic Wars

Early Wars  Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade  In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean  The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE  Phoenicia was split into many city-states, which fought for control of the seas and trade  In 675 and 640 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and defeated the city-states Tyre and Sidon on the Eastern Mediterranean  The Babylonians attacked Tyre in 585 BCE,13 years of fighting, ended with compromise in 572 BCE

Early Wars  The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt  Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE  The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia  The Eastern Phoenicians allied with Greeks against Persia and Egypt  Persia and Egypt won the fighting in 539 BCE  The Eastern city-states thus went under control of Cyrus the Great, emperor of Persia

The Punic Wars  The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE  In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state  Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars  The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE  In 813 BCE, the Phoenicians founded Carthage, a colony in North Africa which became a predominant city-state  Carthage and Rome were powerful cities in the 200s and 100s which led to their conflicts in the Punic Wars

The Punic Wars  The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE  The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE  The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE  The First Punic War was a conflict over the control of Sicily between 264 and 241 BCE  The Second Punic War was a series of campaigns led by Hannibal, leader of Carthage, against Roman Italy from 218 to 201 BCE  The Third Punic War was the Siege of Carthage by the Romans from 149 to 146 BCE

Bibliography      Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm  cian.jpg cian.jpg  es15_pottery_rs.jpg es15_pottery_rs.jpg    Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians  Heath, D.C. World History      Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm Documentaries/Phoenicians(NatGeo).htm  cian.jpg cian.jpg  es15_pottery_rs.jpg es15_pottery_rs.jpg    Saggs, H.W.F. The Babylonians  Heath, D.C. World History

Bibliography  Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?" National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov  "Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov  “Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield  Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov  Gore, Rick, and Robert Clark. "Who were the Phoenicians?" National Geographic. National Geographic. 11 Nov  "Lebenon." The World Factbook. 6 Nov Central Intelligence Agency. 11 Nov  “Phoenician.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. Steven, Mark A. ed. 1 vol. Massachusetts: Springfield  Khalaf, Salim G. "A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia,." Phoenician Encyclopedia. Sept Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. 11 Nov