Photosynthesis. -the transfer of energy from sunlight to organic molecules -occurs in green plants, algae and some bacteria - involves a complex series.

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Converts light energy into chemical energy through a complex series of biochemical reactions 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis.
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Presentation transcript:

Photosynthesis

-the transfer of energy from sunlight to organic molecules -occurs in green plants, algae and some bacteria - involves a complex series of chemical reactions

Chloroplasts -the organelle in plants where photosynthesis takes place -double outer membrane -stroma (solution) - thylakoids (interconnected stacks of grana)

Sunlight -electromagnetic spectrum

Pigment - compound that absorbs light Chloroplast pigments: - chlorophylls (mostly a and b) - carotenoids (yellow, orange, brown) Accessory pigments (chlorophyll b, carotenoids)

Electron Transport The energy from sunlight is transferred from one molecule to another through electrons Photosystem - clusters of pigment molecules

Step 1: light is absorbed by chlorophyll a in photosystem II, which causes the electrons to be “excited” Step 2: excited electrons move to primary electron acceptor Step 3: excited electrons move through electron transport chain

Step 4: light is absorbed by chlorophyll in photosystem I, and excited electrons move through etc Step 5: excited electrons combine with NADP+ to form NADPH (will be used in next step

Chemiosmosis ATP is produced NADPH and ATP is used in the next part of photosynthesis - the Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle Produces organic compounds using the energy from ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions. The Calvin cycle “fixes” carbon from CO 2.

Step 1: CO 2 diffuses into the stroma. An enzyme combines a CO 2 molecule with a 5-carbon molecule (RuBP). The 6- carbon molecule splits into a pair of 3- carbon molecules (PGA)

Step 2: PGA is converted into PGAL using ATP and NADPH. Step 3: Some PGAL molecules can be used to make organic compounds

Equation for Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy --> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Three turns of the Calvin cycle require nine ATP and six NADPH.

Mr. Durand Photosynthesis Song Photosynthesis Song

Alternative Pathways C3 plants - plant species that fix carbon exclusively through the Calvin cycle. C4 plants - plant species that fix CO 2 into four- carbon compounds - plants that partially close their stomata during the hottest part of the day -examples - corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

CAM plants - plant species that fix CO 2 at night when their stomata are open -grow fairly slowly -lose less water than C3 or C4 plants -examples - cactuses, pineapples

Rate of Photosynthesis Affected by: - light intensity - rate increases then levels off to a plateau - CO 2 levels - rate increases then levels off to a plateau - temperature - rate increases, peaks at a certain temp, then decreases

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