Semester Review

The ability to make more of oneself? Reproduction

The major Characteristics of Life are Living things made of CELLS Living things maintain HOMEOSTASIS Living things ADAPT Living things REPRODUCE Living things have a LIFE SPAN Living things use ENERGY (METABOLISM) Living things respond to STIMULI Living things DEVELOP Living things are ORGANIZED Living things GROW

What is homeostasis ? Maintaining a constant internal environment.

What is reproduction ? The ability to make new cells

What is the total magnification of 30x lens and 10x eyepiece? 300X

What are the steps to the scientific method? Identifying problems Forming Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Collecting Data Forming Conclusions

What is the purpose of an experiment? To test a hypothesis.

What is a hypothesis? A prediction that can be tested about what will happen in certain situations.

Define Data Information collected during the experiment.

What part of an experiment stays the same ? Control

What part of an experiment is changed? Variable

What is the variable in an experiment? The part of the experiment that is altered to test your hypothesis.

What does the coarse adjustment on a microscope do? Brings object into focus

What does the fine adjustment do? Finely tunes the focus on a microscope.

If an eyepiece magnifies 10X and the objective magnifies 15X, What is the total magnification of the microscope? 150X

You should carry the microscope with one hand. T/F? False--one hand under base, one hand on arm.

Course adjustment Fine adjustment arm Stage clips base Eye piece Revolving nose piece Objective (low power) stage diaphragm Light source Body tube Objective (high power)

Three parts of an atom Proton Neutron electron

Chemical bond when two atoms share electrons Covalent bond

Chemical bond when atoms gain or lose electrons Ionic bond

A substance is organic when: It contains carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms.

Is water organic ? No, it does not contain carbon bonded to carbon.

The subunit of macromolecules monomer

What is a monomer? Building block of larger molecules (polymer)

What organic compound is made of nucleotides? Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

What organic compound is made of monosaccharides? Carbohydrates

What organic compound is made of amino acids? Proteins

What organic compound is made of fatty acids and glycerol? Lipids

What increases the rate of a chemical reaction? Enzymes

Why does the body need carbohydrates? For energy

An energy storing carbohydrate? glycogen

A structural carbohydrate cellulose

What are the three parts of the Cell Theory? 1. All living organisms composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are basic units of structure and function in an organism. 3. Cells come from other pre-existing cells.

The cell walls in plants are made of : cellulose

What is an organelle? Small structure within cell that has a specialized function.

Define prokaryote and give an example A prokaryotic cell has no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles. Bacteria

What might influence the shape of a cell The cell’s function

What is the function of the cell membrane? Separate inside and outside of cell control what enters and leaves the cell send and receive messages with the outside environment.

What is the function of the nucleus? Contains DNA. Controls and carries out functions of the cell.

What is the function of Endoplasmic Reticulum? System of transportation within the cell.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? Package, modify and ship materials (proteins) made by the cell.

What is the function of the ribosome? Manufacture proteins.

What is the function of the mitochondria? Convert stored chemical energy into energy usable by the cell.

What is the function of the chloroplast? Convert energy from the sun into stored energy (glucose).

What is the function of the vacuole? Store waste, food and water for the cell.

What is the function of the cell wall? Support and protect plant cells.

What organelles are only found in plant cells? Cell wall Large central vacuole Plastids – Chloroplast – Leukoplast – Chromoplast

What is cellulose? A carbohydrate in the cell wall of plants.

What is the ultimate source of energy on earth? The sun.

What pigment absorbs sunlight? chlorophyll

What color is chlorophyll? Green

What process makes glucose form carbon dioxide and water? photosynthesis

What are the reactants of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide water

What are the products of photosynthesis Glucose oxygen

Where does photosynthesis take place and what pigment is used? In the chloroplast in the leaf chlorophyll

What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6CO 2 +6H >C 6 H 12 O

What is cellular respiration? Converting glucose into energy usable by the cell.

Where does cellular respiration take place? mitochondria

What is the energy used by the cell called? ATP

Autotroph An organism that makes its own food.

Heterotroph An organism that must consume energy from another source.

Semi-permeable A membrane which allows some molecules to enter and not others.

What is osmosis Movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration.

Diffusion Movement of materials from high to low concentration.

Active transport Use of energy to move molecules from low to high concentration.

What is endocytosis? The process in which cells absorb large molecules by engulfing them.

Phagocytosis Movement of solids across a membrane.

Pinocytosis Movement of liquids across a membrane.

What molecule instructs the cell to make protein? DNA

What are the four bases of DNA? Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

Which bases pair together? Adenine and thymine. Cytosine and guanine.

Who built the first model of DNA? Watson and Crick

What is the shape of DNA? Double helix

What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA. DNA-double strand; RNA single. DNA-thymine; RNA-uracil DNA-deoxyribose; RNA-ribose

What is transcription? Making an RNA strand from a DNA template.

What is translation? Assembling a protein from amino acids, using mRNA as a template.

What is a codon? 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid.

What molecule carries amino acids to form the protein? tRNA

What is mitosis? The process where a cell divides to form 2 identical cells.

What are the stages of mitosis? Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

In which stage does DNA replicate? Interphase

What phase? Prophase

What phase Anaphase

What phase? Telophase

What stage? Metaphase

What kind of cell does meiosis make? Gamete or sex cell

How many chromosomes are in a cell made by meiosis? The haploid number or half of the starting number of chromosomes.

haploid N

2N diploid

Which cells contain only one copy of the chromosomes? Gametes: egg and sperm.

fertilization Union of egg and sperm.

Zygote A fertilized egg.

Who was Mendel? Austrian monk, gardener. Studied pea plants. Father of genetics.

Genotype The exact genes of an organism

Phenotype The physical appearance of an organism due to it’s genotype.

heterozygous Having 2 different alleles for a particular trait: Nn

homozygous Having 2 of the same alleles for a particular trait: NN or nn

Mutation A change in the DNA

Gene A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait.

Nondisjunction Having too many or too few chromosomes because the chromosomes do not segregate properly during meiosis.

Disorders caused by nondisjunction Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) Klinefelters Turners

Where are the genes for hemophilia and color blindness located? On the X chromosome.

How is the baby’s sex determined? Whether or not he or she gets an X or Y chromosome from dad.