Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 1 UNIT 3 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE I

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid Nationalism

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 3 La Marseillaise (1792) Let us go, children of the fatherland Our day of Glory has arrived. Against us stands tyranny, The bloody flag is raised, The bloody flag is raised. Do you hear in the countryside The roar of these savage soldiers They come right into our arms To cut the throats of your sons, your country.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 4 La Marseillaise To arms, citizens! Form up your battalions Let us march, Let us march! That their impure blood Should water our fields

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 5 La Marseillaise Sacred love of the fatherland Guide and support our vengeful arms. Liberty, beloved liberty, Fight with your defenders; Fight with your defenders. Under our flags, so that victory Will rush to your manly strains; That your dying enemies Should see your triumph and glory

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 6 La Marseillaise To arms, citizens! Form up your battalions Let us march, Let us march! That their impure blood Should water our fields

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 7 3:3 Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 8 Napoleon’s Early Career November, 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory in a coup d’etat. He was supported by the Bourgeoisie, the Commercial Classes, peasants, the Catholic Church and the Royalists.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 9 Middle Class or Bourgeoisie They wanted equality of opportunity and abolition of the Three Estates system. They were given the Civil Code of 1804.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 10 Commercial Classes French Merchants were not happy since there was no place for their new concerns. Napoleon promised them The Bank of France.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 11 Peasants This was the largest group but had the least political voice. They gained both land and status under Napoleon. Peasants also gained equality under the law.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 12 The Catholic Church and Royalists The Concordat gave the Church protection. Napoleon’s Civil Code granted freedom of religion. Napoleon granted amnesty to émigrés who had left France under the Convention.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid Napoleon the Military General

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 14 Napoleon’s Military Strategy Swift marches. No reliance on fortresses. Wait for a time when the enemy divides to engage in combat.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 15 Napoleon’s Military Strategy Confront the line too far from reinforcements. Use mountains and rivers. Seize elevations for artillery.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid Napoleon’s Foreign Policies

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 17 Major Foreign Policy Achievements Napoleon wanted a Continental System with Paris as the “capital of the world.” The Italian Campaign ( ). The Egyptian Campaign ( ). 1801, Napoleon defeated Austria and acquired Italian and German territories.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 18 Major Foreign Policy Achievements 1805, Austria and Prussia were defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz. 1806, Napoleon established control of western Germany 1807, Napoleon redrew the map of Europe in the Treaties of Tilsit.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid Napoleonic Code

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 20 Key Concepts Freedom of speech, worship and enterprise. Equality of all before the law. No recognition of privileges of birth. Right of all to public trial by jury. Separation of church and state.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 21 Strengths and Weaknesses It preserved the social aims of the Revolution. It protected the interests of the rising middle class. It guaranteed civil liberties. Women could not vote.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 22 Strengths and Weaknesses In disputes over wages, the word of the employer wins. Slavery was restored in the French colonies. Working men’s associations remained banned.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid Domestic Policies

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 24 Structural Changes France was divided into prefectures. Each prefect was appointed by Napoleon and had a complete delegation of power. Prefects received instructions directly from Paris.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 25 Politics in Napoleonic France Law of Hostages was repealed. Revolutionaries were recalled to France. Every institution was subservient to the army. In foreign lands he ended feudalism and brought his Code.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 26 Economics in Napoleonic France In 1800 The Bank of France was created. Agriculture received protective tariffs, reliable financing and well- maintained transport.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 27 Economics in Napoleonic France Public Works: Inland navigation, bridges, roads and museums. Sidewalks, house numbers, water supply, sewers, a fire department, new markets and slaugher houses were established.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 28 Religion Under Napoleon Christian Churches were reopened for worship. In 1810 the Concordat with the Catholic Church was signed. There was better treatment of Jews.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 29 Social Changes Under Napoleon Penal Code of Primary school in every commune. Lycees (high schools) were established in every important town. University of France.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 30 Social Changes Education under Napoleon became the business of the state. The Conscription Law of Secret Police. Public welfare was more centralized. Health Care was greatly improved.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 31 Industry in Napoleonic France Protective tariffs. The Continental Blockade. Loans on easy terms. New markets were opened as Napoleon’s empire expanded.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 32 The Arts Napoleon brought art from Egypt. Paris became the cultural centre of Europe. Looting made the Louvre a world art centre. Built the Arc de Triomphe, the façade of the Chamber of Deputies, the courtyard and Rivoili wing of the Louvre.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 33 Impact of Napoleon Liberalism and Nationalism were stimulated throughout Europe. Empire helps German and Italian unification. Feudalism and serfdom were ended in the countries he conquered. Napoleonic Code entered other nations.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid The Congress of Vienna

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 35 Major Players at Vienna Talleyrand slowed down proceedings and won France international acceptance. Hardenburg looked for a Prussian dominated peace. Castlereagh hoped each power, having obtained what was ‘essential to its own security’ would settle into peace.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 36 Major Players Castlereagh became the arbiter of disputes over land and other issues. Alexander I believed Russia had destroyed Napoleon. Metternich believed in stability and the common interests of Europe.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 37 Main Concerns Balance of power, containment of France and maintenance of peace. Great Powers also attempted to satisfy their own national interests.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 38 Key Components of the Settlement Louis XVIII is returned to the throne. The Allies did not impose damaging reparations on France. France was forced back to her 1792 borders. Legitimate rulers were restored to power.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 39 Key Components of the Settlement Germanic Federation was created. Nations which contributed to Napoleon’s defeat gained territory. The Balance of Power. The Quadruple Alliance was formed. The Congress did not address the issue of nationalism.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 40 Pros and Cons of Vienna Peacemakers refrained from punishing France. The African slave was liberated. The balance of power made it difficult for one nation to dominate. Peace existed in Europe until the Crimean War in 1853.

Unit 3 IB History of Europe - McQuaid 41 Pros and Cons of Vienna There was no League of Nations type structure. Nothing was done regarding disarmament. Nationalism was disregarded. The interests of kings took precedence over the people.