6.1 Launching a New Nation

New Constitution: only a framework of bold Enlightenment ideals The practical matters had not been settled. There were no precedents or examples already created which the new nation could follow. They would have to decide on their own. Video clip of inauguration from the HBO John Adams series

The Republican Court by Daniel Huntington

Washington Takes the Oath of Office

Received all electoral votes Adams (Fed.) becomes VP Remained “neutral” in politics (actually, supported Federalists) Washington’s Presidency

Judiciary Act of 1789 Made a Supreme Court with Chief Justice and 5 associate justices (today it is 9 members) 3 federal circuit courts 13 federal district courts state’s court decisions to be appealed to federal court when constitutional issues raised. Guarantees federal laws are “Supreme Law of Land.”

Hamilton Sec. of Treasury Knox Sec. of War Randolph Attorney General Jefferson Sec. of State The First Executive Cabinet of the United States

Though both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson served as members of President Washington’s cabinet, the two held very different views on the newly founded U.S. government and the role of the common people in that government

During the 1790s the views of Hamilton and the views of Jefferson Would develop into two competing political ideologies and eventually form the basis of the first political parties in the U.S. We will examine each man’s view of the elite (upper Class) and the masses. What did they see as the roles of the people in the government?

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay publish The Federalist Papers Thought a stronger, more centralized gov’t was needed Abandoned the ideas of the Articles of Confederation Feared chaos and the power of the people The Federalists

The Anti-Federalist soon-to- become the Republicans Jefferson-led school of thought Feared concentrated power Trusted the will of the people Thought Constitution was too removed from the people Demanded a bill of rights

Appeased the Anti-Federalists #1-9 stop Congress from impinging on rights #10 Powers not mentioned reserved to the state gov’ts The Bill of Rights

What about the debt, banks, and coins?

Expenditures: What was the largest expense of the young nation? What was the total spent for what is now called defense? Income: What provided the majority of the nation’s income? Unpaid National Debt: How much money was owed by the gov’t to the private sector? How much of the the federal debt were the assumed debts of the individual states?

Tried to gain support of the elite Gov’t should assume public debt and state debt Taxes raised by whiskey tax Create a National Bank to stabilize financial structure Washington supported Hamilton’s Financial Plan

It was the country's good fortune that it had both men and could, in time, fuse and reconcile their philosophies. One clash between them, which occurred shortly after Jefferson took office as secretary of state, led to a new and profoundly important interpretation of the Constitution. When Hamilton introduced his bill to establish a national bank, Jefferson objected. Speaking for those who believed in states' rights, Jefferson argued that the Constitution expressly enumerates (lists) all the powers belonging to the federal government and reserves all other powers to the states. Nowhere was it empowered to set up a bank. Hamilton contended that because of the mass of necessary detail, vast body of powers had to be implied by general clauses, and one of these authorized Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for carrying out other powers specifically granted.

VA protests assuming state debts Small farmers protest taxes & National Bank “Loose” interpretation of Const. troubled Jefferson, Madison, and co. **Future capital is moved to DC as compromise **The Bank is passed over protests Opposition to Federal Program

The Great Swampland You are here

In exchange for accepting the national bank, the capitol of the United States would be moved from Philadelphia, PA to the swamp land of the Potomac River. Fancy city designer Pierre L’Enfant will start the job but will be fired and replaced by Andrew Ellicot who with a survyer named Benjamin Banneker (African American) will design the grid for THE model city known as Washington, DC

A national bank is born

Constitution does not mention parties Washington opposed them These early squabbles created allies and enemies Two camps emerge Federalist Republican (Anti-Federalist) to become the Democrat- Republicans Political Parties in the U.S.

The Beginnings of Political Parties Republican to become the Democrat-Republicans Of Thomas Jefferson Federalists of Alexander Hamilton

The parties’ views of government Republicans Federalists Strong central gov’t and the educated to lead the nation States rights and the common man

The parties’ views on the economy RepublicansFederalists Strong central gov’t acting in the interests of industry (go with the businessmen) Gentlemen farmers to lead the country. Only a strong central gov’t for foreign affairs

Quotes of Jefferson and Hamilton Jefferson for the Democratic-Republicans Hamilton for the Federalists All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. Your people, sir, is a great beast Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God Whenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government I have great confidence in the common sense of mankind in general.

George Washington hates the political parties and warns they will ruin the new country Read the original excerpt and answer the questions

Whiskey Rebellion Flag

Whiskey Rebellion Tries the New Nation 1794 There is a protective tariff on imported goods (imported stuff has an extra tax so it costs more – hopefully you will buy American instead) Hamilton wants/needs more $ so he asks for an excise tax on biggest money maker…whiskey

People in the western regions of the states raise corn but it is difficult to transport it to market across the Appalachian mts. So they make that corn into corn liquor which they easily transport and sell for profit (lots of profit) These small farmers rebel against this federal tax G. Washington knows this is showdown He sends militia in (Hamilton himself rides point) They defeat rebels. Whiskey Rebellion Tries the New Nation 1794 Proves federal/national power in domestic events

Name____________________Date_________ Period__ 6.1 Washington First President (What’s the fear? Judiciary Act? Cabinet?) Bank Debate (Who vs. Who? What does each side think? What about debt? How is a compromise reached?) Whiskey Rebellion (What caused it? Who was involved? Why is it so important? What did it show?)