HUN Essentials of Nutrition Richard T Patton MA, MPH, RD/LN, CHES Biology, Health & Wellness Office

Table 1-5, p. 24 Learding Causes of Death in the United States

Actual Causes of Death in the United States (2000)‏ Percent of all causes of death Tobacco Diet/Activity Alcohol Microbial Agents Toxic Agents Firearms Sexual Behavior Motor Vehicles Data Source: McGinnis & Foege, JAMA, November, 1993

On any given day in the United States billion calories are consumed (200 billion more than needed)‏ 815 billion calories are consumed (200 billion more than needed)‏  47 million hot dogs  4 million pounds of bacon  60 million pounds of red meat  170 million eggs

On any given day in the United States...  3 million gallons of ice cream  10 million pounds of candy  16 million gallons of beer and ale  1.5 million gallons of hard liquor (enough to make 26 million people drunk!)‏

On any given day in the United States...  Americans eat approximately 100 acres of pizza = 30,240,000 slices or about 350 slices per second. (Each man, woman and child in America eats and average of 46 slices, (23 pounds), of pizza per year). (Each man, woman and child in America eats and average of 46 slices, (23 pounds), of pizza per year).

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Eat More Fruits and Vegetables!

Food Choices  Personal preferences for flavors of food are the main reason people make food choices and choices can be influenced by genetics.  Habits are comforting and food choices are often just a habit.

Food Choices  Ethnic heritage or traditions are strong influences on eating.  Social interactions such as special events, customs, and holidays are shared by groups of people. Food is often involved.

Food Choices  Food availability, convenience, and the economy are affecting many food choices in today’s world.  There are many positive and negative associations with food that affect what food is chosen to eat.  Eating for emotional comfort can be the result of changes in brain chemistry that occur when foods are consumed.

Food Choices  Values such as religious beliefs, political views, or environmental concerns may affect food choices.  Body weight and image can affect food choices both positively and negatively.  The nutrition and health benefits of foods, such as whole, modified, or fortified foods, are becoming more popular.

Nutrient Classification  Carbohydrates--simple, complex  Fats-- essential fatty acids  Proteins--essential amino acids  Vitamins– Water & Fat soluble  Minerals—major & trace  Water – most of the body by weight

The Nutrients  Nutrients in Foods and in the Body Composition of foods includes the six nutrient classes and can also contain nonnutrients and other compounds, such as fibers, phytochemicals, pigments, additives, alcohols and others. Composition of foods includes the six nutrient classes and can also contain nonnutrients and other compounds, such as fibers, phytochemicals, pigments, additives, alcohols and others. Composition of the human body is made of chemicals similar to food. Composition of the human body is made of chemicals similar to food.

The Nutrients Nutrients in Foods and in the Body  Chemical composition of nutrients includes both organic (those that contain carbon) and inorganic (those that do not contain carbon) compounds. Essential nutrients are those the body cannot make or cannot make in sufficient quantities to meet needs. These are also called indispensable nutrients. Essential nutrients are those the body cannot make or cannot make in sufficient quantities to meet needs. These are also called indispensable nutrients.

The Nutrients  Energy-Yielding Nutrients: Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein measured in Calories Macro- vs. micronutrients Macro- vs. micronutrients Carbohydrate, fat, and protein are macronutrients because the body needs them in large quantities.Carbohydrate, fat, and protein are macronutrients because the body needs them in large quantities. Water, vitamins, and minerals do not provide energy and are known as micronutrients because the body needs them in smaller quantities.Water, vitamins, and minerals do not provide energy and are known as micronutrients because the body needs them in smaller quantities.

The Nutrients  Energy-Yielding Nutrients: Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein Energy from food differs in energy density. Carbohydrate = 4 kcalories per gram, Carbohydrate = 4 kcalories per gram, Protein = 4 kcalories per gram, and Protein = 4 kcalories per gram, and Fat = 9 kcalories per gram. Fat = 9 kcalories per gram. Activity in the body is fueled by food as energy is released from bonds within carbohydrate, fat, and protein as they are broken down.

The Nutrients  Energy-Yielding Nutrients: Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein Excess Carbohydrate energy is stored in the body as body fat. Excess Carbohydrate energy is stored in the body as body fat. Excess Fat energy is stored in the body as body fat. Excess Fat energy is stored in the body as body fat. Excess Protein energy is stored in the body as body fat. Excess Protein energy is stored in the body as body fat.

The Nutrients  Vitamins are organic, essential nutrients that allow the body to obtain energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein.  Minerals are inorganic, essential nutrients that are found in the bones, teeth, and body fluids.  Water is an indispensable and abundant essential nutrient that participates in many life processes.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)  Establishing Nutrient Recommendations Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) defines the requirement of a nutrient that supports a specific function in the body for half of the healthy population. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) defines the requirement of a nutrient that supports a specific function in the body for half of the healthy population. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) use the EAR as a base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy populations. This recommendation considers deficiencies. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) use the EAR as a base and include sufficient daily amounts of nutrients to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy populations. This recommendation considers deficiencies.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)  Establishing Nutrient Recommendations Adequate Intakes (AI) reflect the average daily amount of a nutrient without an established RDA that appears to be sufficient. Adequate Intakes (AI) reflect the average daily amount of a nutrient without an established RDA that appears to be sufficient. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is a maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is a maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)  Establishing Energy Recommendations Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average daily energy intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average daily energy intake to maintain energy balance and good health for population groups. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) represents the range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) represents the range of intakes for energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of chronic disease.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)  Using Nutrient Recommendations Apply to healthy people Apply to healthy people Recommendations are not minimum and are more likely maximum requirements and can be adjusted for individuals by registered dietitians. Recommendations are not minimum and are more likely maximum requirements and can be adjusted for individuals by registered dietitians. Achieved by consuming a variety of foods Achieved by consuming a variety of foods Apply to average daily intakes Apply to average daily intakes Each DRI category serves a unique purpose. Each DRI category serves a unique purpose.

Nutrition Assessment   Nutrition Assessment of Individuals - evaluates the many factors that influence or reflect nutritional health. Historical information regarding diet, health status, drug use, and socioeconomic status is gathered. Anthropometric data measure physical characteristics including height and weight. Physical examinations require skill and reveal possible nutrition imbalances. Laboratory tests detect early signs of malnutrition.